THE
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,
JOURNAL OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
(THE J
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,
(JOURN A
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
EDITED BY
JOHN EVANS, D.C.L., LL.D., TBEAS.R.S., F.S.A.,
W. S. W. VAUX, M.A., F.R.S.,
AND
BARCLAY V. HEAD.
NEW SERIES. VOL. XVIII.
Fad inn abiit monumenta matient. Ov. Fust.
LONDON :
JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36, SOHO SQUARE.
PARIS: MM. ROLLIN ET FEUARDENT, PLACE LOUVOIS, No. 4.
1878.
as.
V.I8
"4t
LONDON :
PBrNTKD BY VIBTUK AND CO., LIMITED,
CITY BOA I).
CONTENTS.
ANCIENT NUMISMATICS.
Page
Christian Emblems on the Coins of Constantino I. the
Great, his Family, and his Successors. By Frederic
W. Madden, Esq., M.E.A.S I, 161)
On an Unpublished Archaic Tetradrachm of Olynthus. By
Barclay V. Head, Esq 85
Macedonian and Greek Coins of the Seleucidae. By Percy
Gardner, Esq., M.A .90
Monnaies d'Hierapolis en Syrie. Par Mons. .1. P. Six . 103
Numismatic Eeattributions. Phanes : Lamia: Electryona.
By Percy Gardner, Esq., M.A 26!
On Himyarite and other Arabian Imitations of Coins of Athens.
By Barclay V. Head, Esq 273
L AND MODERN NUMISMATICS.
The Coinages of Western Europe : from the Fall of the
Western Empire till the Accession of Charlemagne. By
C. F. Keary, Esq., M.A 49, 132, 216
vi CONTENTS.
Page
Notes towards a Metallic History of Scotland. Nos. II., III.
By R. W. Cochran-Patrick, Esq., F.S.A.Scot. . 7,'3, 2;) I
On a New Piece of Bermuda Hog-Money of the Value of Two-
pence. By General Sir J. H. Lefroy, F.R.S. . . 160
The Portcullis Groat of Henry VII. By John Evans, Esq.,
D.C.L., LL.D., Treas.R.S 285
NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.
Zeitschrift fur Numismatik 81
Numismatische Zeitschrift . . . . . . .83
Melanges de Numismatique 83
La Monnaie dans 1'antiquite, lee, on s professees dans la chaire
d'archeologie pres la Bibliotheque Natiouale en 1875 77,
par F. Lenorinant ........ 84
Numismatique de 1'Orient Latin. Par G. Schhimberger . 259
Die Nachfolger Alexanders des Grossen in Baktrien urid
Indien. I. Historische Uebersicht 302
A Guide to the select Greek, Roman, and other Coins
exhibited in electrotype in Brighton College . . . 302
Monnaies d' Argent frappees a Heraclea de Bythinie. Par
H. Ferdinand Bompois. Quelques Mounaies anepi-
graphes attributes indument a la ville de Maronea en
Thrace. Par II. Ferdinand Bompois .... 303
CONTENTS.
MISCELLANEA.
Letter to the Editor, on " English Tin Coins "
Bisham Treasure-Trove .
Vll
Page
. 304
304
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUMISMATIC
SOCIETY.
SESSION 187778.
OCTOBEE 18, 1877.
JOHN EVANS, Esq., D.C.L., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The following presents were announced and laid upon the
table :
1. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London. 2nd
Series, vol. vi., index, &c. ; and vol. vii. No. 2, with list of
Fellows. From the Society.
2. Royal Historical and Archaeological Association of Ireland,
Journal. 4th Series, vol. iv., No. 29, 1877. From the Asso-
ciation.
3. Archaeologia Cantiana. Vol. xi. From the Kent Archaeo-
logical Society.
4. Royal Asiatic Society Journal. N.S., vol. ix. Part. II.
From the Society.
5. American Journal of Numismatics. Vol. xii. No. 1.
6. Canadian Antiquarian and Numismatic Journal. Vol. vi.,
No. 1. From the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of
Montreal.
7. Societe royale des Antiquaires du Nord, Memoires. N.S.,
1875-G ; and Aarboger for Nordisk Old-kyndighed og Historie,
b
2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
1876. 3rd and 4th Parts, with Tillaeg for 1875. From the
Society.
8. Revue Beige dc Numismatique, 1877. 3rd and 4th
livruisons. From the Society.
9. Memoires de la Societe des Antiquaires de Picardie. 2 me
ser., tome xx. ; 3 me ser., tome xxi., xxii., xxiii. ; and Documents
ine'dits, tomes v., vi., vii., viii. From the Society.
10. Commission Irnperiale Archeologique de St. Petersbourg,
comptes rendus, 1872-3-4. Each with Atlas. From the Com-
mission.
11. Societe des Antiquaires de FOuest, Bulletins, 2 me tri-
mestre, 1877 ; Memoires, t. xl., l er fascicule. From the Society.
12. Societe Royale de Numismatique (de Belgique), Discours
du President, from the President of the Society.
18. Chartes de la famille de Reinach deposees aux archives
du grand-duche de Luxembourg (annees 1221 1455, Nos.
1 1673), l er fascicule. From the Institut de Luxembourg.
14. Numismatische Zeitschrift, 1876, Part I., and 1877,
Part I. From the Editor.
15. Zeitschrift fiir Numismatik. Band v., Heft 1. From
the Editor.
16. Jahresbericht der Wissenschaftlichen Club, 1876-7-
From the Club.
17. Jahrbiicher des Vereins von Alterthumsfreunden im
Rheinlande. Heft 59 and 60, 1876-7. From the Society.
18. Numismata Cromwelliana. Parts IV. VI. By H. W.
Henfrey. From the Author.
19. Th. Ducrocq. Memoires sur un denier gaulois inedit.
From the Author.
20. R. Chalon. Curiosites numismatiques, 28 me article.
From the Author.
21. Lavoix, H. Monnaies a legendes Arabes frappees en
Syne par les Croise"s. Paris, 1877. From the Author.
22. Hoblyn, R. A. Rare English coins of the Milled Series.
From the Author.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 3
The Rev. S. S. Lewis, M.A., exhibited a satirical five-franc
piece Obv,, MACMAHON. i SEPTENNAT. Head of MacMahon to
left ; beneath, in small characters, NAPOLEON F. Rev., REPUBLIQUE
FRAN9AISE. Crowned shield with French eagle and fleurs-de-lis
quarterly ; cap of Liberty on escutcheon of pretence ; above, a
cardinal's hat, with celestial rays issuing from the name LOYOLA ;
behind the shield, crosswise, sword, cannon-sponge, croziers,
and two banners, bearing the words LOURDES and SALETTE. Date
1874. Edye, DIEU PUNIT LA FRANCE.
Mr. B. V. Head read a paper on the recent interesting dis-
covery near Smyrna of a large number of Electrum Staters
of Cyzicus and Lampsacus, and exhibited autotype fac-similes
of eleven new types. Mr. Head also read portions of a letter
to himself from M. Six, of Amsterdam, on the current value at
Athens of the Cyzicene staters in the fifth century B.C., and on
the period of time during which these coins continued to be
issued from the mint at Cyzicus, fixed conjecturally by M. Six
at about a century and a half from B.C. 478 833. See vol.
xvii. p. 169.
Mr. Evans read a paper " On Three Roman Medallions of
Postumus, Commodus, and Probus," and exhibited the speci-
mens described in his paper, which is printed in vol. xvii. p. 334.
NOVEMBER 15, 1877.
JOHN EVANS, Esq., D.C.L., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
T. Hodgkin, Esq., the Rev. H. R. Huckin, D.D., Mrs.
Priestly, the Right Hon. Lord Selborne, F.R.S., and the Hon.
Reginald Talbot were elected members of the Society.
The following presents were announced and laid upon the
table :
1. Boutkowski, A. Dictionnaire numisniatique. Livraison I.
From the Author.
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
2. Weyl, A. Brandenlurg-Preussische Miinz-sammlung.
From the Author.
8. Zeitschrift fiir Numismatik. Band v., Heft 2. From the
Editor.
4. Bulletins de la Societe des Antiquaires de 1'Ouest, 3 me
trimestre de 1877. From the Society.
Genl. Sir J. H. Lefroy, F.R.S., exhibited a brass token for
two pence, of the Sommer Islands, of the Hog-money series.
See vol. xiv., p. 166.
Mr. Evans exhibited six half-sovereigns of the later coinage of
Edward VI.
Mr. R. A. Hoblyn exhibited a curious forgery of a crown of
William III., an unpublished Tower Shilling of William III.,
1697, and a farthing of George I., bronzed, struck on a thmflan
with a milled edge.
Mr. E. H. Willett read a paper " On some Recent Additions
to the Ancient British Coinage of the South-Eastern District,"
which is printed in vol. xvii. p. 809 et seq.
DECEMBER 20, 1877.
JOHN EVANS, Esq., D.C.L., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
Arthur Durand George, Esq., Alexander Grant, Esq., and
Lieut.-Col. John Glas Sandeman were elected members of the
Society.
The following presents were announced and laid upon the
table :
1. Royal Historical and Archaeological Association of Ireland,
Journal. 4th Series, vol. iv., April, 1872. From the Associa-
tion.
2. Smithsonian Institution. Annual Report, 1876. From
the Institution.
8. Catalogue of Coins and Tokens in the Museum of the
Royal Mint, From R. A. Hoblyn, Esq.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. O
4. Notice sur une monnaie du Transvaal Dernieres monnaies
de Charles VII. From A. Pearson, Esq.
Mr. Evans exhibited a memorial medal in silver, cast in two
separate pieces, probably from wax models, and tooled. Obv.
IN REMEMBRANCE OF IOSIAS NicoLSON. Three-quarter bust in
flowing peruke to left, two skulls above and two at the sides
inserted in the inscription. Rev. a skeleton to the left, digging,
MEMENTO MORI in sunk letters.
Mr. Hoblyn exhibited a pattern of the first penny of
George III., by Pingo.
Mr. Copp exhibited a forgery of the sovereign of Charles I.
struck at Oxford in 1643.
Mr. Cochran-Patrick communicated the second portion of a
paper " On the Metallic History of Scotland," printed in vol.
xviii., p. 73, and Mr. H. S. Gill an account of the hoard of
Edward the Confessor's pennies found at Sedlescombe, near
Battle.
JANUARY 17, 1878.
JOHN EVANS, Esq., D.C.L., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
T. Theodore Bent, Esq., W. F. Lawrence, Esq., H. H.
Howorth, Esq., F.S.A., and Colonel W. F. Prideaux were elected
members of the Society.
The following presents were announced and laid upon the
table :
1. Royal Asiatic Society, Journal. N.S., vol. x., Part I.,
1877. From the Society.
2. Revue Beige de Numismatique, 1878. l re livraison.
From the Society.
3. A. Weyl. Die Jules Fonrobert'sche Sammlung iiber-
seeischer Miinzen und Medaillen. From the Compiler.
Mr. Hoblyn exhibited three blundered sixpences of William
III., of the years 1696 and 1697, also three patterns for pennies
dated 1860.
6 VKOCEEDINGS OF THE
Mr. C. F. Keary, M.A., read a paper " On a Discovery of
Coins of William I. and II. at Tamworth." See vol. xvii.,
p. 340.
Mr. Evans read a paper "On the Portcullis Groat of
Henry VII." See vol. xviii. p. 285.
Mr. Madden communicated a paper " On Christian Emblems
on the Coins of Constantino the Great and his Successors," in
which he treated of the origin and history of the diadem, the
nimbus, the Christian monogram, &c. See vol. xviii., p. 1.
FEBRUARY 21, 1878.
JOHN EVANS, Esq., D.C.L., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
W. Buttery, Esq., was elected a member of the Society.
Prof. Dr. Theodor Mommsen and M. le Vicomte de Ponton
d'Amecourt were elected honorary members.
The following presents were announced and laid upon the
table :
From the Rev. Canon Pownall, F.S.A.
1. Proposals in regard to the Coinage, 1695-96.
(i.) Proposals for restoring the Silver Money of England to
its Former State. Printed for R. Cumberland at the Angel in
St. Paul's Churchyard, 1695.
(ii.) Some short Proposals humbly offered to the consideration
of Parliament for regulating the Coin. London ; printed for R.
Baldwin.
(iii.) A Letter from London to a Friend in Westminster pro-
posing some Particulars relating to the Coyn. London;
printed, sold by R. Baldwin, Warwick Lane, 1695.
(iv.) A Word in Season about Guineas. London, 30th July,
1695.
(v.) Some Questions answered relating to the badness of the
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 7
now Silver Coin of England. London ; printed for Richard
Cumberland at the Angel in St. Paul's Churchyard, 1696.
2. Memoires de la Societe des Antiquaires de 1'Ouest. 2 me
ser., torn, i., 1877. From the Society.
3. Comptes rendus de la Societe Francaise de Numismatique
et d'Archeologie. 2 me ser., tome i., l re partie, 1877. From
the Society.
4. The Canadian Antiquarian and Numismatic Journal. Vol.
vi., No. 3, 1878. From the Numismatic and Antiquarian
Society of Montreal.
5. Boutkowski, A. Dictionnaire de Numismatique. Liv. ii.,
iii., iv. From the Author.
6. Dorn. Inventaire des Monnaies des Khalifes Orientaux et
de plusieurs autres dynasties, classes I. IX., 1877. From the
Author.
The Eev. Canon Pownall exhibited a farthing of Eichard II.,
found near Stamford, with pellets in the quarters, similar to
No. 322 of Hawkins's " Silver Coins of England." Obv. EICAED.
BEX ANGL. ; Rev. CIVITAS LONDON.; weight, 4-02 grains.
Mr. Evans exhibited, in illustration of the type of the same,
specimens of the noble, half-noble, and quarter-noble of
Richard II.
Mr. H. S. Cuming exhibited some small brass coins of Con-
stantine the Great.
Mr. Percy Gardner read a paper on some coins of the
Seleucidae struck in European Greece. See vol. xviii., p. 90.
Mr. C. Patrick contributed the third portion of a paper " On
the Metallic History of Scotland."
MARCH 21, 1878.
JOHN EVANS, Esq., D.C.L, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The following presents were announced and laid upon the
table :
8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
1. Melanges de Numismatique. Tome i. 1874-5 and 1877,
fascicules 14. From the Editors.
2. Bulletins de la Societe des Antiquaires de 1'Ouest, 4 me
trimestre de 1877. From the Society.
From the Author, R. A. Hoblyn, Esq.
(i.) Milled Silver Coins with the Plumes.
(ii.) Milled Silver Coins with the Elephant and Castle.
(iii.) English Tin Coins.
Major A. B. Creeke sent for exhibition a rubbing of a coin of
Harold I., reading LEOFWINE ON BV, probably struck at Buck-
ingham.
Mr. A. E. Copp exhibited pieces of five guineas with the
elephant, two guineas, and one guinea of Charles II. ; five
guineas, two guineas, and one guinea of William III., 1701, and
five guineas of William III., 1700.
Mr. Vaux read a letter from the Hon. J. Gibbs, Deputy
Governor of Bombay, on unpublished Zodiacal Rupees, struck
in the reign of Jehangir, A.D. 1605 1627 ; also a paper com-
municated to him by Mr. E. Thomas on the Phrygian inscrip-
tions of Doganlu, near the old town of Cotiaeum in Phrygia, one
of which has been recognised as indicating the site of the tomb
of Midas, and repeatedly published, first by Leake and Walpole,
and more recently by Mr. Hamilton and Baron Texier, vide
Rawlinson's " Herodotus " (vol. i., p. 666). Mr. Thomas was
of opinion that the language of the inscription was essentially
Aryan in a transition stage, which in his judgment must have
prevailed before the separation of the Greek and Latin stocks.
He further believed that he had discovered in the inscription at
the foot of the tomb certain dates, pointing to the years B.C.
920 and 848.
A discussion followed, in which the President, Mr. B. V.
Head, Mr. P. Gardner, and Mr. C. F. Keary took part, and
agreed in disputing the author's conclusions.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
APRIL 18, 1878.
W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.
Monsieur Fra^ois Lenormant, Dr. F. Kenner, and Professor
J. Gr. Stickel were elected honorary members of the Society.
The following presents were announced and laid upon the
table :
1. Bulletino dell' Institute di Correspondenza Archeologica,
1869-1877 ; 1878, Nos. 1 and 2. From the Society.
2. Revue Beige de Numismatique, 1878, liv. 2. From the
Society.
3. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London. Vol.
vii., No. 8. From the Society.
Mr. R. A. Hoblyn exhibited a complete set of the coins struck
in 1828 by Mr. M. Young from original dies obtained by him from
a member of the Roettier family, in the possession of which
they had been since the end of the seventeenth century. The
coins in question consisted of a pattern for a piece of sixty
shillings, Scottish, of James II. ; a pattern for a piece of sixty
shillings of James VIII. ; a pattern for a shilling or guinea of
James III. ; a pattern, probably for a quarter-dollar, Scottish,
of James VIII. ; a piece in tin of James II., struck for the
American plantations ; and an electrotype of a pattern for an
English crown of James III., the original of which is in the
British Museum.
Mr. C. F. Keary, M.A., read a paper on the " Coinage of the
Vandals," who, with the Ostrogoths, were the earliest among
the barbarian invaders of Roman territory to strike money
bearing the name and title of the barbarian ruler. See vol. xviii.,
p. 132.
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
MAY 16, 1878.
JOHN EVANS, Esq., D.C.L., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
Thomas Wise, Esq., M.D., was elected a member of the
Society.
The following presents were announced and laid upon the
table :
1. The Canadian Antiquarian and Numismatic Journal.
Vol. vi., No. 4, April, 1878. From the Numismatic and Anti-
quarian Society of Montreal.
2. Bulletino dell' Institute di Correspondenza Archeologica,
1878, No. 3. From the Imperial German Archaeological Insti-
tute of Berlin, Rome, and Athens.
8. Zeitschrift fur Numismatik. Band v. Heft. 3 and 4.
From the Editor.
4. Catalogue of the Mayer Collection. Part I. Egyptian
Antiquities, byC.T. Gatty, Assistant Curator, Liverpool, 1877.
From Joseph Mayer, Esq.
5. The Mayer Collection in the Liverpool Museum, con-
sidered as an educational possession, by C. T. Gatty, Liverpool,
1878. From J. Mayer, Esq.
6. "A Free Village Library, Bebington." Reprinted from
the Liverpool Standard, with additions. Liverpool, 1878. From
the same.
7. Temenothyrae, by the Baron K. de Koehne. From the
Author.
8. The bronze medal of the Peabody Education Fund. From
the Trustees of the Fund, through Robert Winthrop, Esq., the
Chairman.
Mr. Evans exhibited a copper coin of Cunobeline, found some
years ago near Boulogne, having on the obverse a head of
Ammon and the inscription CVNOBELINI ; and on the reverse a
horseman bearing a round shield and the inscription CAM.
(Camulodunum). See Evans, PI. XII., No. 14.
Mr. Frentzel exhibited an impression in copper from an
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 11
die of a halfpenny of Charles II., with the figure of
.Britannia, and without inscription ; also a brass coin of
George I., having on the reverse Britannia seated, holding an
orb and resting on a shield.
Mr. H. S. Gill exhibited a penny of Henry I., struck at
Lincoln, with the inscription TOM ON LICOLIN.
Mr. B. V. Head read a paper, by M. J. P. Six, of Amster-
dam, " On the Coins of Hierapolis in Syria." See vol. xviii.,
p. 103.
JUNE 20, 1878.
Anniversary Meeting.
JOHN EVANS, Esq., D.C.L., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The minutes of the last Anniversary Meeting were read and
confirmed.
The following gentlemen were elected members of the
Society : George Coffey, Esq., J. L. Strachan Davidson, Esq.,
M.A., and W. J. Gillespie, Esq.
The Report of the Council was then read to the meeting, as
follows :
GENTLEMEN, Tae Council again have the honour to lay
before you their Annual Report as to the state of the Numis-
matic Society, and have to announce their loss, by resignation,
of the following members :
Charles Judd, Esq.
J. Maxwell Smith, Esq. 1
On the other hand, they have much pleasure in recording the
election of the seventeen following members :
1 Since the above was written, the secretaries have received
intelligence of the death of Robert Jennings, Esq., H. W. Lamb,
Esq., and of the Rev. T. Cornthwaite ; also of the resignations
of W. S. Jones, Esq., A. Dickson Mills, Esq., and II. V. Tebbs,
Esq.
12
I'H<>( KKUINGS OF THE
T. Bent, Esq.
W. Buttery, Esq.
G. Coffey, Esq.
J. L. Strachau Davidson,
Esq., M.A.
A. D. George, Esq.
W. J. Gillespie, Esq.
A. Grant, Esq.
T. Hodgkin, Esq.
H. H. Howorth, Esq., F.S.A.
Rev. H. R. Huckin, D.D.
W. F. Lawrence, Esq.
Col. W. F. Prideaux.
Mrs. Priestly.
Col. J. G. Sandeman.
Rt. Hon. Lord Selborne,
F.R.S.
Hon. Reginald Talbot, LL.13.
Thomas Wise, Esq., M.D.
Also of the five following honorary members :
M. le Vicomte de Ponton d'Amecourt.
Dr. F. Kenner.
M. F. Lenormant.
Professor Dr. Theodor Mommsen.
Dr. J. G. Stickel.
According to our Secretary's Report, our numbers are there-
fore as follows :
June, 1878
Elected.
183
Honorary.
39
Total.
222
The President then delivered the following address :
At the close of another session, I have again the pleasure of
congratulating the Society on its prosperous condition, both
with regard to the number of its members and the continued
value and interest of its publications. With respect to our
material well-being, the reports of the Council and of the
Treasurer have given you full particulars. I will now say a
few words with regard to some of the papers which have been
communicated to the Society or have appeared in our journal
during the past twelve months.
One of the most important of them in the department of
ancient numismatics is that by our indefatigable secretary,
Mr. Head, consisting of additional notes on the recent find of
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY 7 . 13
Staters of Cyzicus and Lampsacus, on which he had on a
former occasion favoured the Society with some remarks. In
this supplemental notice eleven new types of these important
coins are described, making a total of thirty-seven types of the
Cyzicene stater present in the find ; while among the sixteen or
eighteen coins of Lampsacus only one type occurs, and all the
pieces seem to be from the same die.
M. Six, in an interesting letter addressed to Mr. Head,
furnishes some additional information as to the character and
bearing of some of the Cyzicene types, of which he states that
there are now known at least 115 varieties. M. Six suggests
that the emission of these staters must have extended over a
period of about 145 years, or from about B.C. 478 to B.C. 833,
and that each successive annual magistrate adopted a new type.
Mr. Head, on the other hand, inclines to the opinion that the
issue of the coins must be restricted to a period of about 90
years, between B.C. 478 and B.C. 387, and that the coin types
were changed more frequently than once a year. Although it
is difficult to conceive the grounds on which such a great
diversity of type was permitted whether we are to regard the
change in type as taking place annually, or at less intervals, or
whether we assume that several types were in use at the same
time it seems to me to add to the difficulty of the case, and
to be contrary to what might be expected from analogy, that
such a system once adopted should have remained unchanged
during so long a period as even 90 years, to say nothing of
145.
With regard to the question of the value of such staters at
Athens, I must confess that there appear to me great difficulties
in supposing that the current value was immediately dependent
on the exact proportion of gold that each piece contained.
The assayers of those early times had but rough-and-ready
means of judging of the purity of metals, though, no doubt, by
passing one coin out of a number through a fiery ordeal, they
could ascertain the amount of gold it had contained. It was
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
not until the time of Archimedes, or about 250 B.C., that the
determination of the fineness of the metal by the test of specific
gravity was discovered, and this method was even then pro-
bably but little practised.
Another important communication from our distinguished
honorary member, M. Six, is on the subject of Phoenician
coins. In it he suggests a new classification of some of the
coins of Byblus, and adds a new King Elpaal to the series.
He enters into the history of the coins of Aradus and Marathus,
enlarges upon those of Tyre and Sidon, and gives a long list of
the coins of Gaza. With regard to the Jewish shekels, M. Six
expresses a cursory opinion that the old attribution to Simon
Maccabeus will eventually hold good ; and he, therefore, does
not include them in the article that I have just noticed, to
which all future students of this branch of numismatics will find
it necessary to refer.
M. Six has also favoured the Society with another important
paper on the coins of Hierapolis in Syria, in which he has
thrown much light on the coinage of the ancient Bambyce, and
of that of the dynast and high priest, Abd Hadad. The worship
of Baal, Dagon, and of the great Dea Syria, Atergates, is one
which is of interest to many besides numismatists, and the
representations of these divinities upon the coins of Syria have
often attracted attention. That the worship of the Syrian
goddess should have spread so widely throughout Europe is a
remarkable circumstance, and English antiquaries will be
pleased to recognise in the virgin seated on a lion and holding
ears of corn, that same goddess whose praises are recited in
the curious poetical inscription found at Carvoran, 1 and now
preserved in the Newcastle Museum.
Whether the symbol 80, which appears on some of these
1 Bruce's Roman Wall, p. 401 :
" Imminet Leoni Virgo cselesti situ
Spiciiera, justi inventrix, urbium conditrix," &c.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 15
didrachms, refers to a date or was intended to denote value, is
a question which I will not attempt to decide.
Mr. Percy Gardner has also furnished us with another
valuable paper in the domain of Greek numismatics. In it he
has treated of the coins of the Seleucid kings of yria, struck
not in Asia but in Greece and Macedon ; or, at all events, for
the purpose of being employed in Europe. Some of them are
copper pieces of Antiochus I., which seem to be of ^Etolian
origin. Others are of Antiochus III., with the name of the
^Etolians on the reverse ; while others, again, of the same king
were struck at Carystus, in Euboaa, on the occasion of his
expedition through Boeotia into Thessaly. Though the name
of Antiochus III. does not appear upon the coins, the portrait
may fairly be accepted as his. The most remarkable discovery
of Mr. Gardner is, however, that which identifies the veiled
head of a queen, as Hera, on a coin of Chalcis, with that of the
young bride of Antiochus, Euboea, whom he courted and
married during his stay in Chalcis, and in whose honour a
series of games and ceremonies took place, which are recorded
by various historians.
In Roman numismatics our communications have been some-
what fewer in number, but Mr. Madden has continued his
series of papers on the Christian emblems on the coins of
Constantine the Great and his successors, which contain a large
amount of detailed information upon this interesting subject.
Among the coins cited those with the type of the labarum
implanted on the serpent, and with the legend SPES PVBLICA,
are, perhaps, the most important. But the whole series of
papers well deserves the attention of all students of Christian
antiquities.
The only other paper upon Roman coins which we have had
before us during the past year was one in which I gave a short
notice of three bronze medallions in my own collection, among
which that of Postumus with his head side by side with that of
Hercules is of considerable rarity and interest.
16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
In mediaeval numismatics Mr. Keary has commenced a series
of papers on the coinages of Western Europe, from the fall of
the Western Empire to the accession of Charlemagne. The
classification of the debased imitations of the Roman coinage
which were struck during this period is an undertaking fraught
with much difficulty, and one which requires a large field for
induction, which, happily, our national collection supplies. But
little attention, however, has hitherto been bestowed in this
country upon this class of coins, though the labours of the late
Mr. De Salis must not be forgotten. Unfortunately, however,
he did not live to publish to the world the amount of know-
ledge he had acquired, and numismatists will be grateful to
Mr. Keary for undertaking to continue his work. The papers
already communicated to the Society comprise the barbarous
imitations of the Roman coinage among the Suevians, Bur-
gundians, Franks, Visigoths, Vandals, and Ostrogoths, and are
not only of numismatic but of great historical value.
In British and English numismatics we have had a fail-
number of papers. First among these must be mentioned that
by Mr. Ernest Willett, F.S.A., giving an account of a remark-
able series of ancient British coins, found on the sea-shore in
the neighbourhood of Bognor. They comprise not only a
number of uninscribed gold coins, but a large number of those
of the three sons of Commius Tincommius, Verica, and
Eppillus including several new and important types. The
most important is, perhaps, that with the legend COM FILI,
which sets at rest the question of the meaning of the letter F
occurring after COM and TASC on the coins of this series.
The legend CALLEV. on another coin is, however, of almost
equal importance, as seeming to establish the fact that one of
the mints of Eppillus was situated at Calleva. The value of
Mr. Willett's paper is enhanced by the careful analysis made
by Professor Church of several of the coins of different types.
The hoard of coins of William I. and II., discovered at Tarn-
worth, and described by Mr. Keary, throws some light on the
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 17
difficult question of the succession of types in the coinage of
these two monarchs a subject, however, on which much still
remains to be learnt.
Among the more modern English coins, we have had notices
of the rare portcullis groat of Henry VII. by myself, and of the
silver coins with the elephant, elephant and castle, and the
plumes, by Mr. Hoblyn, as well as on English tin coins by the
same author, so that our native series cannot be said to have
been in any way neglected.
For the Scottish series, Mr. Cochran- Patrick has continued
his notes towards a metallic history of Scotland ; while for
colonial coins, we have had from General Sir Henry Lefroy a
notice of the hitherto unknown twopenny-piece, belonging to
the Hog-money series of Sommer Island, or Bermuda.
Oriental numismatics have been somewhat neglected during
the past year, but Mr. Vaux has called our attention to some
unpublished Zodiacal rupees ; and Mr. Thomas has raised a
discussion with regard to the antiquity of the Aryan alphabet.
Moreover, since our last anniversary, the first volume of the
"International Numismata Orientalia " has been completed,
most of the contributors to which are members of our Society,
so that we may fairly claim some portion of the credit due to
that handsome volume.
Such, in a short compass, are the results of the labours of
this Society during the last twelve months, and I venture to
think that we may point to our publications with some degree
of satisfaction as evincing that neither numismatic acumen nor
discriminating scholarship are extinct among us ; and that our
Society, though now getting old in years, is by no means
devoid of energy and strength.
It only remains for me now to express a hope that at the end
of the year on which we are now entering, we may have, if
possible, a still more satisfactory retrospect.
The Treasurer's Report is appended.
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 19
The Meeting then proceeded to ballot for the officers of the
ensuing year, when the following gentlemen were elected :
President.
JOHN EVANS, ESQ., D.C.L., F.R.S , F.S.A., F.G.S.
Vice -Presidents.
RT. HON. THE EARL OF ENNTSKTLLEN, D.C.L., F.R.S.,
F.G.S.
W. S. W.VAUX, ESQ., M.A., F.R.S.
Treasurer.
J. F. NECK, ESQ.
Secretaries.
HERBERT A. GRUEBER, ESQ.
BARCLAY VINCENT HEAD, ESQ.
Foreign Secretary.
PERCY GARDNER, ESQ., M.A.
Librarian.
W. BLADES, ESQ.
Members of the Council.
E. H. BUNBURY, ESQ., M.A., F.G.S.
A. E. COPP, ESQ.
RICHARD HOBLYN, ESQ.
CHARLES F. KEARY, ESQ., M.A.
R. L. KENYON, ESQ., M.A.
J. H. MIDDLETON, ESQ., M.A.
STANLEY LANE POOLE, ESQ.
THE HON. REGINALD TALBOT, LL.B.
EDWARD THOMAS, ESQ., F.R.S.
HENRY WEBB, ESQ.
LIST OF MEMBERS
OP THE
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
OF LONDON.
DECEMBEE, 1878.
LIST OF MEMBERS
OF THE
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
OF LONDON.
DECEMBER, 1878.
An Asterisk prefixed to a name indicates that the Member has compounded
for his annual contribution.
*ALEXE"IEFF, M. GEORGE DE, Cliambellan de S.M. 1'Empereur de
Russie, Ekaterinoslaw (par Moscou), Russie Meridionale.
*BABINGTON, REV. PROF. CHURCHILL, B.D., M.R.S.L., Cockfield
Rectory, Sudbury, Suffolk.
BAKER, W. R., ESQ., Bayfordbury, Hertford.
BARRETT, T. B., ESQ., Welsh Pool, Montgomeryshire.
BAYLEY, SIR E. CLIVE, H.E.I.C.S., 96, Portland Place, W.
BENT, T. T., ESQ., 43, Great Cumberland Place, Hyde Park.
BIRCH, SAMUEL> ESQ., LL.D., F.S.A., British Museum.
BLADES, WILLIAM, ESQ., 11, Abchurch Lane, Librarian.
BLAIR, ROBERT, ESQ., 84, King Street, South Shields.
BRANDT, R. F. W., ESQ., 8, Chester Terrace, Regent's Park.
BRIDGES, G. H. N., ESQ., 30, Denmark Hill, S.E.
*BRIGGS, ARTHUR, ESQ., Cragg Royd, Rawden, Leeds.
BROWN, G. D., ESQ., Fairmill, Henley-on-Thames.
BUCHAN, J. S., ESQ., 24, Bank Street, Dundee.
BUNBURY, EDWARD H., ESQ., M.A., F.G.S., 35, St. James's Street.
BURNS, EDWARD, ESQ., F. S.A.Scot., 3, London Street, Edinburgh.
BUSH, COLONEL TOBIN, 14, St. James's Square; and 29, Rue de
POrangerie, Le Havre.
BUTLER, CHARLES, ESQ., Warren Wood, Hatfield.
BUTLER, JOHN, ESQ., Park View, Bolton.
BUTTERY, W., ESQ., County Club, Galway.
CALVERT, REV. THOS., 92, Lansdowne Place, Brighton.
CAMERINO, CARLOS, ESQ.
4 LIST OF MEMUEKS.
CARFRAK, UOHKUT, ESQ., 77, George Street, Edinburgh.
<!AVK, LAURENCE TRENT, ESQ., 13, Lowndes Square.
CHAMBERS, MONTAGUE, ESQ., Q.C., Child's Place, Temple Bar.
COATS, THOS., ESQ., Ferguslie, Paisley, North Britain.
COCKBURN, JOHN, ESQ., 28, George Street, Richmond.
COFFEY, 0-., ESQ., 72, Lower Bagot Street, Dublin.
*Copp, A. E., ESQ., 2, Myrtle Villas, Thornton Hill, Wimbledon.
CREEKE, MAJOR ANTHONY BUCK, Monkholme, Burnley.
*CROY, PRINCE ALFRED EMMANUEL DB, Chateau du Rceulx, Hainaut,
Belgium.
CUMING, H. SYER, ESQ., F.S.A.Scot., 63, Kenningtou Park Road.
CUMMINGS, REV. A. H., Gunwalloe Vicarage, Helston, Cornwall.
CUNNINGHAM, MAJOR-GENERAL A., H. S. Kiog & Co., 05, Cornhiil.
DAVIDSON, J. L. STRACHAN, ESQ., Balliol College, Oxford.
DAVIDSON, JOHN, ESQ., Arts Club, Hanover Square.
DAVIES, MAJOR A., Ladbroke House, Redhill, Surrey.
DAVIES, WILLIAM RUSHER, ESQ., Market Place, Walliiigford.
DOUGLAS, CAPTAIN R. J. H., Junior United Service Club.
DOULTON, J. DUNCAN, ESQ., 97, Piccadilly.
DRYDEN, SIR HENRY, BART., Canon's Asliby, Daventry.
EADES, GEORGE, ESQ., Evesham, Worcestershire.
ENNISKILLEN, RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.G.S.,
M.R.I.A., Florence Court, Enniskillen, Ireland, Vice-President.
EVANS, ARTHUR J., ESQ., F.S.A., Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead.
EVANS, JOHN, ESQ., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., Nash Mills,
Hemel Hernpstead ; and 65, Old Bailey, President.
KVANS, SEBASTIAN, ESQ., LL.l)., Heathfield, Alleyne Park, West
Dulwich, S.E.
FEUARDENT, GASTON, ESQ., 61, Great Russell Street.
FONROBERT, JULES, ESQ., 103, Leipzigcr Street, Berlin.
FORD, T. K, ESQ., 12, Portland Terrace, Southsea.
FOSTER, JAMES MURRAY, ESQ., F.R.C.P.E., Collumpton, Devon.
FRANKS, AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON, ESQ., M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., Brit. Mus.
FRENTZEL, RUDOLPH, ESQ., 2, Winchester Street Buildings.
FREUDENTHAL, W., ESQ., M.D., 9, Bruchthor Promenade, Brunswick.
GARDNER, PERCY, ESQ., M.A., British Museum.
GEORGE, A. DURAKD, ESQ., 18, Anglesea Road, Ipswich.
LIST OF MEMBERS. D
GIBSON, J. HARRIS, ESQ., 73, Kenshaw Street, Liverpool.
GILL, HENRY SEPTIMUS, ESQ., Tiverton.
GILLESPIE, W. J., Whitehall, Foxrock, co. Dublin.
GOLDING, CHARLES, ESQ., Heathcote House, Romford, Essex.
GRANT, ALEXANDER, ESQ., H. S. King & Co., Division I., Go,
Oornhill, E.G.
GRAY, J., ESQ., Netherton House, Govan, Glasgow.
GKEENWELL, REV. CANON, M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., Durham.
(RUBBER, HERBERT A., ESQ., British Museum.
*GUEST, EDWIN, ESQ., LL.D., D.C.L., Master of Caius College, Cam-
bridge.
HALL, ROBERT, ESQ., Laurel Villa, Carshalton Grove, Sutton, Surrey.
HAY, MAJOR, H.E.I.C.S., 7, Westminster Chambers, Victoria Street.
HAYNS, W. E., ESQ., 2, Great George Street, Westminster.
HEAD, BARCLAY VINCENT, ESQ., British Museum, Secretary.
HENFREY, HENRY WM., ESQ., Widmore College, Bromley, Kent.
HEWARD, PETER, ESQ., 2, Charnwood Villa, Caroline Street,
Llandudno.
UOBLYN, RICHARD, ESQ., 2, Sussex Place, Regent's Park.
HODGKIN, T., ESQ., Benwelldene, Newcastle.
*HOFFMANN, MONSIEUR H., 33, Quai Voltaire, Paris.
HOLT, H. FRED. WILLIAM, ESQ., H.B.M. Vice-Consul, Tamsay, Formosa.
Ho WORTH, H. H., ESQ., Derby House, Eccles, Manchester.
HUCKIN, EEV. H. R., D.D., Repton, Derbyshire.
HUNT, J. MORTIMER, ESQ., 150, New Bond Street.
HYDE, COLONEL, India Office, Westminster, S.W.
IRELAND, Miss C. C., Sandford Place, Cheltenham.
JAMES, J. HENRY, ESQ., Kingswood, Watford.
JONES, JAMES COVE, ESQ., F.S.A., Loxley, Wellesbourne, Warwick.
JONES, THOMAS, ESQ., Llanerchrugog Hall, Wales ; and 2, Plowden's
Buildings, Temple.
KAY, HENRY CASSELLS, ESQ., 11, Durham Villas, Kensington, W.
KEARY, CHARLES FRANCIS, ESQ., M.A., British Museum.
KENYON, R. LLOYD, ESQ., M.A., 11, New Square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.
KITCHENER, H. H., ESQ., R.E., R.A. and R.E. Club, care of
Messrs. Cox & Co., Craig's Court, S.W.
KIRBY, T. B., ESQ., 28, Lower Hastings Street, Leicester.
6 LIST OF MEM HERS.
*LAMBEKT, GEORGF, ESQ., F.S.A., 10, Coventry Street.
LANG, ROBKRT HAMILTON, ESQ., H.B.M. Imperial Ottoman Bank,
Bucharest.
LAWRENCE, F. G., ESQ., Alpha House, Acton.
LAWRENCE, W. F., ESQ., Lincoln's Inn Chambers, Chancery Lane.
LAWSON, ALFRED J., ESQ., Imperial Ottoman Bank, Smyrna.
LEATHER, C. J., ESQ., North Grounds Villa, Portsea, Portsmouth.
LEES, F. J., ESQ., 4, The Crescent, Richmond.
*LEWIS, REV. SAMUEL SAVAGE, F:S.A., Fellow of Corpus Christi
College, Cambridge.
LINCOLN, FREDERICK W., ESQ., 462, New Oxford Street.
LOEWE, DR. L., M.R.A.S., 1 and 2, Oscar Villas, Broadstairs, Kent.
LONGSTAFFE, W. HvLTON DYER, ESQ., F.S.A., 4, Catherine Terrace,
Gatesliead.
LORD, J., ESQ., 1, Whitehall Gardens.
LUCAS, JOHN CLAY, ESQ., F.S.A., Lewes, Sussex.
MACLACHLAN, R. W., 99, Osborue St. [Box 1236], Montreal.
MADDEN, FREDERIC WILLIAM, ESQ., M.R.A.S., Hilton Lodge, Sude-
ley Terrace, Brighton.
MARSDEN, REV. CANON, B.D., Great Oakley Rectory, Harwich, Essex.
MASON, J. J., ESQ., Maryfield Cottage, Kirkcaldy.
MAYER, Jos., ESQ., F.S.A., Pennant House, Bebingtoii, by Birkenhead.
MclNTYRE, F. J., ESQ., 1, Park Street, W.
MIDDLETON, SIR GEORGE N. BROKE, BART., C.B., Shrubland Park,
and Broke Hall, Suffolk.
MIDDLETON, JOHN H., ESQ., 4, Storey's Gate, St. James's Park.
MOORE, GENERAL, Junior U.S. Club.
MOTT, HENRY, ESQ., Office of Canadian Antiquarian and Numis-
matic Journal, Montreal. [Box 1176].
NECK, J. F., ESQ., 02, St. James Street; and 110, Cannon Street.
NICHOLSON, K. M., ESQ., Oude Commission.
*NUNN, JOHN JOSEPH, ESQ., Downham Market.
PATRICK, ROBERT W. COCHRAN, ESQ., F.S.A.Scot, Beith, Ayrshire.
PEARCK, SAMUEL SALTER, ESQ., Biiigham's Melcombe, Dorchester.
PEARSE, COL. G. G., R.A., care of Messrs. Grindlay & Co., 55,
Parliament Street.
PEARSON, A. HARFORD, ESQ., 2, Chester Place, Hyde Park Square.
LIST OF MEMBERS. t
PEARSON, WILLIAM CHARLES, ESQ., 7, Prince's Street ; and 33A, Fore
Street, E.G.
*PERRY, MARTEN, ESQ., M.D., &c., &c., Spalding, Lincolnshire.
POLLEXFEN, REV. J. H., M.A., Middletou Tyas, Richmond, Yorkshire.
POOLE, REGINALD STUART, ESQ., British Museum.
POOLE, STANLEY E. LANE, ESQ., Belgrave Mansions, S.W.
POWNALL, REV. ASSHETON, M.A., P.S.A., South Kil worth, Kugby.
PRICE, W. LAKE, ESQ., South Cliff, Ramsgate.
PRIDEATJX, COL. W. F., 43, Conduit Street.
PRIESTLY, MRS., 17, Hertford Street, Mayfair.
PULLAN, RICHARD, ESQ., M.R.I.B.A., 15, Clifford's Inn.
RASHLEIGH, JONATHAN, ESQ., 3, Cumberland Terrace, Regent's Park.
RAWLINSON, MAJOR-GENERAL SIR HENRY C., K.C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S.,
21, Charles Street, Berkeley Square.
RIPLEY, JOSEPH B., ESQ., Savannah, U.S.
*ROBERTSON, J. D., ESQ., 53, Queen's Gate, S.W.
ROBINSON, T. W. U., ESQ., Houghton-le-Spring, Durham.
RODGERS, REV. C. J., Principal, Normal College, Umritsur,
Punjab, India.
ROGERS, E. T., ESQ., 68, Cornwall Road, Notting Hill.
ROJAS, M. AURELIO PRADO Y, 273, Calle Chile, Buenos Ayres.
ROSTRON, SIMPSON, ESQ.
ROWLAND, G. J., ESQ., 16, Compton Road, Wolverhampton.
SALAS, MIGUEL T., ESQ., 247, Florida Street, Buenos Ayres.
*SANDEMAN, LIEUT.-COL. JOHN GLAS, 24, Cambridge Square,
Hyde Park.
SAVILE, W. ALBANY, ESQ., London and Westminster Bank, Lothbury.
SCHINDLER, A. H., ESQ., care of Dr. Rost, India Office.
SELBORNE, THE RIGHT HON. LORD, F.R.S., Blackmoor, Selborne,
Hants.
SHARP, SAMUEL, ESQ., F.S.A., F.G.S., Great Harrowden Hall, near
Wellingborough.
SIM, GEORGE, ESQ., F.S. A.Scot., 9, Lauriston Lane, Edinburgh.
SIMPSON, G. B., ESQ., F.S.A.Scot., Seafield House, Broughty
Ferry, N.B.
SIMKISS, THOMAS MARTIN, ESQ., Compton Road, Wolverhamptou.
SMITH, SAMUEL, ESQ., Wisbeach, Cambridgeshire.
SMITH, SAMUEL, ESQ., JUN., 25, Croxteth Road, Prince's Park,
Liverpool.
8 LIST OF MEMBERS.
SOAMES, REV. CHARLES, Mildenhall, near Marlborough, Wilts.
SPENCE, ROBERT, ESQ , 4, Rosella Place, North Shields.
SPICER, FREDERICK, ESQ., Rose Cottage, Godalmiiig, Surrey.
*STREATFEILD, REV. GEORGK SIDNEY, Trinity Vicarage, Louth,
Lincolnshire.
STRICKLAND, MRS. WALTER, 217, Strada San Paolo, Valetta, Malta.
STUBBS, MAJOR, Lucknow.
STUDD, E. FAIRFAX, ESQ., Oxton, Exeter.
SUGDEN, JOHN, ESQ., Dockroyd, near Keighley.
b\\-AXN, CAPT. J. SACKVILLE, Holyshute, Honiton.
SWITHENBANK, GEORGE EDWIN, ESQ., Tyncniouth Lodge, Anerley, S.E.
SYKES, M. C., ESQ., St. Bartholomew's Hospital.
TALBOT, THE HON. REGINALD, 2, Paper Buildings, Temple.
*TnoMAS, EDWARD, ESQ., F.R.S., H.E.I.C.S., 47, Victoria Road, Ken-
sington.
TUNMER, H. G., ESQ., 38, Tacket Street, Ipswich.
VAUX, W. SANDYS WRIGHT, ESQ., M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., M.R.A.S.,
Athenaeum Club.
VERITY, JAMES, ESQ., Earlsheaton, Dewsbury.
VIRTUE, JAMES SPRENT, ESQ., 294, City Road.
VIZE, GEORGE HENRY, ESQ., 311, Holloway Road, London.
WADDINGTON, W. H., ESQ., Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres, Paris.
WAKEFORD, GEORGE, ESQ., Knightrider Street, Maidstone.
WEBB, HENRY, ESQ., 11, Argyll Street, Regent Street.
WEBSTER, W., ESQ., 26, Bedford Square.
*WHITE, JAMES, ESQ.
*WIGRAM, MRS. LEWIS, Woodlawn, Bickley, Kent.
WILKINSON, JOHN, ESQ., F.S.A., 13, Wellington Street, Strand.
WILLETT, ERNEST H., ESQ., F.S.A., 5, Montpellier Crescent, Brighton.
WILLIAMS, CHARLES, ESQ., Moseley Lodge, near Birmingham.
*WINGROVE, DRUMMOND BOND, ESQ., 30, Wood Street, Cheapside.
WINSER, THOMAS B., ESQ., Royal Exchange Assurance, Royal Ex-
change.
WISE, THOS., ESQ., M.D., Thornton, BeulahHill, Upper Norwood.
WOOD, HUMPHREY, ESQ., Chatham.
*WooD, SAMUEL, ESQ., F.S.A., St. Mary's Court, Shrewsbury.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
''ORMS, BARON GEORGE DE, F.S.A., 17, Park Crescent, Portland
Place, Regent's Park.
WYON, ALFRED BENJAMIN, ESQ., 2, Langham Chambers, Portland
Place.
HONORARY MEMBERS.
ADRIAN, DR. J. D., Giessen.
AMECOTJR.T, M. LE VICOMTE DE PONTON D', Paris.
BARTHLEMY, M. A. DE, 39, Rue d' Amsterdam, Paris.
BERGMANN, J. BITTER VON, Vienna.
BOMPOIS, M. FERDINAND, Marzy, pres Nevers, Nievre, France.
CASTELLANOS, SENOR DON BASILIO SEBASTIAN, 80, Rue S. Bernardo,
Madrid.
CHALON, M. RENIER, 113, Rue du Trone, Brussels.
COHEN, M. HENRI, 46, Rue de la Tour d'Auvergne, Paris.
COLSON, DR. ALEXANDRE, Noyon (Oise), France.
DORN, DR. BERNHARD, Actuel Conseiller d'fetat, St. Petersburg.
FRIEDLAENUER, DR. J., K. Museen, Berlin.
GONZALES, CAV. CARLO, Palazzo Ricasoli, Via delle Terme, Florence.
GROTE, DR. H., Hanover.
GUIOTH, M. LtoN, Liege.
HART, A. WELLINGTON, ESQ., 16, Ex Place, New York.
HEISS, M. ALOISS, 48, Rue Charles-Laffitte, Neuilly, Seine.
HILDEBRAND, M. EMiL BROR, Direct, du Musee d'Antiquites et du
Cab. des Me"dailles, Stockholm.
HOLMBOE, PROF., Direct, du Cab. des Medailles, Christiania.
IMHOOF-BLUMER, DR. F., Winterthur, Switzerland.
KENNER, DR. F., K. K. Museum, Vienna.
KOSHNE, M. LE BARON DE, Actuel Conseiller d'fitat et Conseiller du
Musee de 1'Ermitage Imperiale, St. Petersburg.
10 LIST OF MEMBERS.
LEEMANS, DR. CONRAD, Direct, du Musee d'Antiquites, Leyden.
LEITZMANN, II ERR PASTOR J., Weissensee, Tliiiringen, Saxony.
LENORMANT, F., 10, Hue Taranne, Paris.
Lis Y RIVES, SEN"OR DON V. BERTRAN DE, Madrid.
LONGI^RIER, M. ADRIEN DE, 50, Rue de Londres, Paris.
MOMMSEN, PROFESSOR DR. THEODOR, Berlin.
MINERVINI, CAV. GIULIO, Rome.
MULLER, DR. L., Insp. du Cah. des Medailles, Copenhagen.
SALLET, DR. ALFRED VON, K. Museeu, Berlin.
SAULCY, Al. F. DE, Membre de PInstitut, 54, Faubourg St. Honore,
Paris.
SAUSSAYE, M. DE LA, 34, Rue de l'Universit6, Paris.
Six, M. J. P., Amsterdam.
SMITH, DR. AQUILLA, M.R.I.A., 121, Baggot Street, Dublin.
SMITH, C. ROACH, ESQ., F.S.A., Temple Place, Strood, Kent.
STICKEL, PROFESSOR DR. J. G., Jena, Germany.
VALLERSANI, IL PROF., Florence.
YERACHTER, M. FREDERICK, Antwerp.
WITTE, M. LE BARON DE, 5, Rue Fortin, Faubourg St. Honore, Paris.
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,
i.
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON THE COINS OF CONSTAN-
TINE I. THE GREAT, HIS FAMILY, AND HIS
SUCCESSORS.
(Continued.)
XVI. COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. WITH THE
DIADEM.
(?) 315887.
THE invention of the diadem is mythically attributed to
Bacchus. 1 It was a white band or fillet tied round the
temples or the head, with the loose ends hanging down
behind, 2 and was of Eastern origin. Alexander the Great
(B.C. 336 323) is said to have first adopted this head-dress
from the Persians, 3 and it may be seen at a later date
1 "Instituit Liber Pater diad&na." Plin., "Nat.
Hist.," lib. vii. cap. 56.
2 Hence Tacitus speaks of the white foam of the Euphrates
upon the surface curling into circles in the form of a diadem
" albentibus spumis in modum diadematis sinuare orbes."
" Ann.," vi. 87.
3 Justin, xii. 8. The Persian head-dress bore the name of
kitaris or kidaris, and was a tall, stiff cap, slightly swelling as
it ascended. Round it, near the bottom, was a fillet the
diadem, proper which was blue, spotted with white (Curt.,
" Hist. Alex.," iii. 3 ; Xen., " Cyrop.," viii. 3, 13 ; Dion. Cass.
xxxvi. 35 ; Rawlinson, " Ancient Monarchies," vol. iii. p. 204).
VOL. XVIII. N.S. B
2 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
on the coins of Hiero II. and his son Gelon 4 (B.C. 275
216).
When attempts were made to introduce it at Rome,
they caused great offence. At the feast of the Lupercalia,
Antony placed a diadem several times on the head of
Julius Cassar, but he would not accept it, and as often
sent it away to the temple of the Capitoline Jupiter. 5 The
erection of a statue of Claudius Drusus, showing himself
as wearing the diadem, was reckoned among the acts of
delinquency of the family of the Claudii. 6 Caligula was
strongly inclined to assume the diadem and change the
This cap with the diadem is represented on some of the Persian
darics. It was the distinctive mark of Oriental sovereigns
ro SiaS?7/xa T^S 'Acrias (1 Maccab. xiii. 32 ; cf. Esther i. 11,
ii. 17 ; Is. Ixii. 3 ; Rev. xii. 3, xiii. 1, xix. 12).
4 There is no reason for supposing, as some think (Eckhel,
" Doct. Num. Vet.," vol. i. pp. 251257 ; Leake, " Trans, of
Roy. Soc. of Literature," 2nd Ser. vol. iii. p. 370) that because
Hiero II. and his son never wore the diadem, nor any other
regal insignia, in public, that the head upon these coins is that
of Hiero I. or Gelon I. (E. H. Bunbury, Smith, " Diet, of
Biog.," *. v. " Hieron II." ; B. V. Head, " Num. Chron." N.S.,
1874, vol. xiv., p. 61).
6 " Admotum saepius capiti suo diadema repulerit." Suet.,
11 Jul. Caes.," 79. Once (Suet., op. cit.) a man in the crowd
put a laurel crown, encircled with a white fillet (" coronamlau-
ream Candida fascia praligatam "; Sicufy/ua /?aoriA.i/coV . . . <rre-
0ava> Sa0n;s TreptTreTrAey/xeVov Plut., "Jul. Caes.," 61) on one
of his statues, which much annoyed him, and the man was sent
to prison ; but he was never able to quite shake off the idea
of having wished to affect the title of king, though when so
saluted by the populace he replied, " I am Caesar not king"
("Cffisarem se non regem"). The head of Numa Pompilius
on a silver coin of Cnaeus Pompeius (Cohen, " Med. Imp.,"
No. 8) is adorned with the diadem. Livia and Antoniaare also
represented with it on some of their coins (Cohen, " Med.
Imp.," vol. i.)
6 " Claudius Drusus, statua sibi cum diademate ad Appii
Forum^posita, Italiam per clientelas occupare tentavit." Suet.,
111*.. 2.
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANT1NE I. 3
form of government from Imperial to Regal, but being
warned attempted to arrogate to himself a divine Majesty. 7
Titus, on his journey back to Home after the taking of
Jerusalem, by wearing a diadem at the consecration of
the bull Apis at Memphis, incurred the suspicion of in-
tending to rebel against his father, and of claiming for
himself the government of the East. 8 Elagabalus adopted
the gemmed diadem, but only wore it in his own house ; 9
whilst Aurelian is said to have been the first Roman who
bound a diadem round his head, 10 a custom he probably
adopted from Zenobia who wore it, 11 but this is not con-
firmed by his coins. Diocletian introduced the stately
magnificence of the court of Persia, and assumed the
diadem, a broad white fillet set with pearls, 12 but did not
venture to place it on the Imperial coinage, whilst, ac-
cording to Eusebius, who is speaking of Constantius
Chlorus, the diadem was a special distinction of the
Imperial Caesars. 1 *
7 " Nee multum afuit, quin statim diadema sumeret, speci-
emque principatus in regni formam converteret. Verum ad-
monitus, et principum et regum se excessisse fastigium, divinam
ex eo majestatem asserere sibi ccepit." Suet., " Calig.," 22.
Ets Kotpavos CO-TOJ, ets /Jao-tAcvs (Horn. "II.," ii. 204) exclaimed
this /lovapxiKtoTaroT (Dion. Cass., lix. 3 ; F. W. Madden, " Num.
Chron.," N.S., 1866, vol. vi., p. 273).
8 Quam suspicionem auxit, postquam Alexandriam petens, in
consecrando apud Memphim bove Api diadema gestavit." Suet.,
" Tit.," 5.
9 " Voluit uti et diademate gemmato, quia pulchrior fieret, et
magis ad feminarura vultum aptus ; quo et usus est domi."
Lamprid., " Heliogab.," 23.
10 "Iste primus apud Komanos diadema capiti innexuit, gem-
misque et aurata omni veste, quod adhuc fere incognitum
Romania moribus visebatur, usus est a " Aurel. Viet., "Epit.,"35.
11 Treb. Poll., " xxx. Tyr.," 29; Vopisc., " Aurelian," 28,
29, 30.
12 Gibbon, " Rom. Emp.," vol. ii. p. 94.
13 Kan/crrai/Tioe Trpwros auyouoTos Kal o-e/Jao-ros avrjyopevero, TO
4 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
It was reserved for Constantine I. the Great to un-
hesitatingly adopt the diadem, as testified by his coins ;
and, indeed, he is said to have always worn it. 14
The coins of Constantine I., with the diadem, may be
divided into two classes :
(a) Coins with Legend on the obverse t and the head of
Constantine wearing a diadem composed of laurel inter-
mingled with gems, some round and some square.
(b) Coins with no Legend on the obverse, and the head
wearing (1) a band or fillet encrusted with square gems
and pearls, and (2) a band or fillet formed of two rows of
pearls and studded with gems. 15
61, 62. [British Museum, PL IV. Nos. 1 & 2.]
T<5 TU>V avroKparopcov Kaio-apwv
KUI TOUTOOV a7riA.77<a)S TO. 7rpaTa. " Vit. Const.," i. C. 18.
11 " Habitum regium gemmis et caput exornans perpetuo
diademate." Aurel. Viet., " Epit.," 141.
15 Some rare silver medallions struck in commemoration of
the foundation of Constantinople, 880, having the head of Con-
stantine with diadem, and on the reverse D. N. CONSTAN-
TINVS MAX. TRIVMF. AVG. and the genius of the
city turreted and enthroned, have been published by Dr. Fried-
laender (" Zeits. f. Num.," vol. iii. p. 125, Berlin, 1875; cf.
Cohen, " Med. Imp.," No. 7). Five specimens are known,
and the exergual letters are M [oneta] CONS[tantinopolitana]
B., A., S., Z., I., each example having a distinct differential
letter. The title of D [ominus] N \oster~\ occurs on the coins
of Diocletian and Maximian Hercules after their abdication.
It was not adopted by their immediate successors, Galerius
Maximian, Severus, Maxentius, and Maximinus, but reappears
on the coinage of the two Licinii. It occurs on a few other
coins of Constantine, and then appears to have been principally
employed as the title for the Ccesars, but for what reason is
unknown. The title is continued by the successors of Constan-
tine, and eventually completely takes the place of the original
Iff P[<rotor]. Cf. F. W. Madden, " Num. Chron.," N.S., 1866,
vol. vi. p. 272, note 71.
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE I.
Eckhel has suggested 16 that Constantine adopted the
diadem, wishing to liken himself to Alexander the Great,
on whose coins an effigy of a very similar character
may be seen ; but, according to the authority of St. Am-
brose, the Empress Helena, at the time when she is sup-
posed to have discovered at Jerusalem, about the year
326, the fragment of our Saviour's cross together with
two of the nails (one of which was used for the bridle of
his horse, the other for his diadem), sent to her son Con-
stantine a diadem studded with gems ; 17 moreover, the
16 " Doct. Num. Vet.," vol. viii. p. 80.
17 " Quaesivit clavos, quibus crucifixus est Dominus, et invenit.
De uno clavo fraenos fieri prsecepit, de altero diadema intexuit :
unum ad decorem, alterum ad devotionem vertit. Misit itaque
filio suo Constantino diadema, yemmis inngnitum, quas pretiosior
ferro innexas Crucis redemptions divinaa gemma contexeret.
Habeant hoc etiam principes Christi sibi liberalitate concessum,
ut ad imitationem Domini dicatur de Imperatore Romano ;
Posuisti in capite ejus coronam de lapide pretioso." " De obitu
Theodosii," 47, 48. The words Posuisti in capite, etc., are
taken from Psalm xx. 4. I have already pointed out that
the finding of the cross by Helena is open to much doubt
( VIII. " Coins of Helena and Theodora "), and have alluded to
the nail on the bridle in another place ( V. " Coins with the Mars
and Sol Invictus Types," note 31). The diadem supposed to have
been sent by Helena to Constantine has been identified with the
iron crown of Lombardy at Monza Cathedral, which is com-
posed of six plates of gold and within which is an iron band,
reported to have been made out of the other nail from the cross,
and hence the name of the " Iron Crown." But in all proba-
bility the iron band was inserted in the diadem simply for the
purpose of strengthening it (Rev. E. Venables, Smith, " Diet,
of Christ. Antiq.," s.v. " Crown"). According to another tra-
dition, Henry I., the Fowler, of Saxony (921 936), is said to
have had a lance studded with nails from the true cross, which
he had succeeded in getting from Rodolph of Burgundy, and
which was once in the possession of Constantine the Great ;
but the story is necessarily very doubtful (" Encyc. Metropol.,"
vol. xi. p. 485).
6 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Senate is said, at some time or other, 18 to have specially
decreed a diadem to Constantino. 19
On the coins marked a, as they do not in themselves
illustrate the Christianity of Constantine, no remarks are
called for ; but of those marked b, where the head of Con-
stantine is represented looking upwards towards heaven,
it may be noted that Eusebius states that " Constantine
directed his likeness to be stamped on the gold coins of
the Empire, with the eyes uplifted as if praying to God"
adding that " this money became current throughout the
whole Roman world." 20 In addition Constantine had his
full-length portrait placed over the entrance gates of his
palaces with the eyes upraised to heaven, and the hands
outspread as if in prayer. 21
18 Probably in 815, when he was also decreed the title of
MAXIMVS (See I. under A.D. 815), as nearly all the coins
with legend and diadem bear the title of MAX. A silver
piece with IMP. CONSTANTINVS AVG. is given by
Cohen (" Med. Imp.," No. 89), but only from Banduri and
D'Ennery, and the MAX. is absent on some, though not all,
of the copper corns with the legend GLORIA EXERCITVS
and the head of Constantine with diadem (Cohen, Nos. 308
310, 313320).
19 Tibi Constantine et nuper Senatus signum dedit et paulo
ante Italia scutum et coronam cuncta aurea dedicarunt ....
Debetur enim et divinitati simulacrum aurum," etc. ("Anonym.
Paneg.," viii. 25), quoted by Tillemont (" Constantin,"
note 33), who adds : " Dedicarunt marque qu'il y a faute
dans dedit, au lieu duquel d'autres lisentDa, et Livineius croit
qu'il est bon. II est neanmoins encore bien obscur ; car s'il
veut dire qu'on dedia une statue a Constantin comme a un
Dieu, ce que la suite semble marquer, 1'expression est fort im-
propre. Baronius tire de la que le Senat fit dresser une statue
a Jesus-Christ comme au Dieu de Constantin."
40 '12 s Iv rots XPVvoLS i/o/xtcr/xao-i TTJV avrov avros ei/cova <S8e
ypd<j>ca-6a.t SiervTrou, w9 av<a ySAeVeiv So/ceij/ drarera/AeVos vrpos 0ew,
TpOTTOV eV^O/AfVoV. ToUTOV /MI/ OVV TO. KTV7TOJ/>taTa Katf'oA^S TT/S
'P<o/w,cuW Sierpe^e*' oi/coiyxci^s. " Vit. Const.," iv. C. 15.
!1 Ej/ avrols 8e /JacriAtiois Kara ri^as TrvAas Iv rcus cis TO /u,Te-
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. 7
Julian the Apostate, nephew of Constantine, in his
account of the Emperors before the Gods, 22 evidently
alludes to his uncle's face as represented on these coins,
when he says, " Constantine kept himself aloof from the
gods and stood near the vestibule of the Moon, with whom
he seemed to be desperately in love, and upon whom he
kept his eyes firmly fixed," and makes Mercury deride
him for leading the life of a "female hair- dresser "
" your style of hair and your face sufficiently prove it "
and when the sentence is passed that each shall place
himself under the protection of the god or goddess that
best pleases him, Constantine, not finding any model of
himself among the gods, and perceiving Effeminacy
approach him, attached himself to her, who immediately
embraced him, and clothed him in the flowered dress of a
lady and conducted him to Luxury, a statement which
doubtless alludes to the " vesture embroidered with gold
and flowers " mentioned by Eusebius. 23
wpov Ton/ TrpoTrvXwv dvaKi//,ei/ais ei/coo-iv, eorobs opOios eypa^cro,
avdi fj,tv els ovpavov //,/3Ae7rcoi>, TOJ X^P S't/cTeTa/xevoe v\ofjivov
o-x^/xart. " Vit. Const.," iv. c. 15. This form of adoration was
not, however, peculiar to the Christians ; it obtained also
among the Pagans (" Et duplices tendens ad sidera palmas,"
Virg., <^n.," i. 93; cf. ii. 153, v. 256; eok 'OAV/ATUOIS /cat
'OAiyATriais Trai'Teo-o-t /cat Tracrais 8etas /cat dptoTepas a.via"xp vrat *
/xvacrtScoperv /carra TrdVpia, Demosth., " adv. Macart.," 1072 ;
F. W. Madden, "Num. Chron.," N.S., 1866, vol. vi. p. 201).
The Rev. J. Wordsworth (Smith, "Diet, of Christ. Biog.,"
vol. i. p. 649) speaks of the coins as " having no traces of the
hands mentioned by Eusebius," but this author does not men-
tion the hands in connection with the coins on which the face is
" stretched out or up towards God" (dvareTa/Aevos TT/DOS eoi>),
but in connection with the picture, where the hands are said to
have been " stretched forth" (rob xP 8' e/cTera/xevos) in the
attitude of prayer.
" Cajsares."
33 " Orat. de laud. Const.," c. 5.
8 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Yet Julian himself did not scruple to assume, at Vienne,
"a diadem glittering with precious stones ' >24 in place of
the golden torque (a vilis corona) from the neck of one of
the standard bearers with which (as Julian would not
accept his wife's neck or head ribbon, or the trappings of
the head and breast (phalerce) of a horse) he had been
crowned in Paris. 25 His successor Jovian was also
crowned with the diadem?* and it is found on the coins
of both these emperors, and on those of their suc-
cessors.
The diadem may be seen on a rare gold coin of Crispus
(C&sar in 317), 27 who was killed in 326, which is doubted
by Cavedoni, 28 but for no good reason ; on a gold and a
silver coin of Constantine II. (Ccesar in 317), both in the
British Museum, 29 on gold and silver coins of Constan-
tius II. ( Caesar in 323), 30 and on silver coins of Constans
(Ccesar in 333) . 31 As regards the coin of Crispus, it may
be observed that it might have been struck after his death,
as it is certain that another gold piece with the exergual
letters CONS. 32 could not have been issued before the
dedication of Constantinople in 330.
24 " Ambitioso diademate utebatur lapidum fulgore distincto."
Amm. Maroell., xxi. 1.
25 Amm. Marcell., xx. 4. It was against his will that he was
first declared Augustus at Paris cTre'fleo-ai/ ai>v fita TO 8ia%xa
rri Kc<f>a\r). Zosim., iii. 9, 4.
26 Kat TO Sia8?7/Aa Trepitfe/uevos. Zosim. iii. 30.
27 F. W. Madden, "Blacas Collection," "Num. Chron.,"
N.S., 1868, vol. viii. p. 38 ; Cohen, " Med. Imp.," No. 2.
28 " Ricerche," p. 24.
29 Cohen, " He'd. Imp.," Nos. 19, 20 ; cf. " Suppl.," No. 2.
30 Cohen, " He'd Imp.," Nos. 56, 57.
S1 Cohen, "Med. Imp.," No. 31.
32 Cohen, "Med. Imp.," No. 8, from " Ancien Cat. du Cab.
des Medailles."
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTTNE I. 9
XVII. COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. AND HIS FAMILY
WITH THE NIMBUS.
The origin of the nimbus is attributed to the Egyptians,
from whom it passed to the Greeks and Romans. 33 Cave-
doni thinks 34 that it was assumed by Constantino in imi-
tation of the " face of Moses which shone " (Ex. xxxiv. 29 ;
cf. 2 Cor. iii. 7), to whom he is compared by Eusebius, 35
but whether this be the case or not, some of the heads of
the Roman emperors earlier than the time of Constantino
are decorated with this symbol, notably Claudius, Trajan, 36
33 Buonarruoti, " Vetri," p. 60, 4to, Firenze, 1716 ; Didron,
" Christian Iconography," p. 146, ed. Bohn, 1851 ; Martigny,
"Diet, des Antiq. Chret.," s. v. "Nimbus." According to
Didron (op. cit. t p. 25, 26) the Latin word nimbus agrees with
the Greek word vt0as, "snow," "shower," "raindrop," etc.,
and that it is derived from it. There also appears to be some
analogy between nubes (Gr. ve0os, Lat. nebula) and nimbus from
the root nub, nubo, " to veil." Isidore of Seville describes
the nimbus as a transverse bandeau of gold sewn on the veil,
and worn by women on their forehead (" Nimbus est fasciola
trans versa ex auro, assuta linteo, quod est in fronte feminarum,"
" Orig.," xix. c. 31), but Didron gives apparently satisfactory
reason for showing that the nimbus is not properly applicable to
any peculiar ornament of the head, and further suggests that
the word nimbata, as occurring in Plautus (" Poenulus," i. 2,
135), usually interpreted "light," " frivolous," or " trifling," is
well rendered by " radiant," so that the line " Quam magis
aspecto, tarn magis est nimbata " should be rendered, " The
more I look at her, the more radiant (or beautiful) she appears."
31 " Kicerche," p. 23, note 20.
35 " Vit. Const.," i. c. 12.
36 Ludolf Stephanus, "Nimbus und Strahlenkranz in den
Werken der Alten Kunst," 4to, St. Petersburg, 1859 ; Sabatier,
" Mon. Byz.," vol. i. p. 32. Didron (" Christ. Icon.," pp. 147,
148), who notes that Trajan is sculptured on the arch of Con-
stantine in three places with a " circle of luminous gold," adds
that Pliny writes, " Trajan deserved, but Caligula usurped the
nimbus," but I have been unable to verify the passage. On
VOL. XVIII. N.S. C
10 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
and Antoninus Pius, 37 so that it would be difficult to
affirm that the presence of the nimbus gives direct proof
of the Christianity of Constantino, though it was douht-
less adopted in this sense.
63. Obv. CONSTANTINVS P. F. AVG. Three quarter
bust of Constantine I. with nimbus to the left,
with imperial mantle, holding a globe with a
Victory and a book.
Jfop. GAVDIVM RpMANORVM. Trophy com
posed of a cuirass, shields, spears, &c., at the
foot of which are seated two captives. In the
exergue FRANC. ET ALAM. TR. (Francia
et Alamannia, Treviris.) N.
(Cohen, " Med. Imp.," No. 62, Morell,
Specimen.)
This curious piece, as we learn from Morell, was for-
merly in the collection of the Count of Schwarzburg.
Other specimens with the same reverse legend and type
are known of Constantine L, and perhaps of Crispus and
Constantine II. 38 In the year 306 Constantine I. waged
war against the Fraud and AZamanni, and is said to have
used great cruelty towards them ; and the latter nation
some gold coins of Trajan struck after his death the phoenix on
the reverse is represented with the nimbus (Cohen, " Med.
Imp.," No. 294 ; F. W. Madden, " Num. Chron.," N.S., 1861,
vol. i. p. 95, PL IV. No. 6 ; Cohen, Suppl.," No. 80). See
under XIII. " Consecration Coins of Constantine I."
37 On a large brass coin published and engraved by Oiselius
("Thes.Num.Antiq.,"p. 371, PI. LXVII, 4to, Amstel., 1677),
who omits, as also Cohen (" Med. Imp.," No. 559), to notice
that the nimbus is surrounded with spikes, so that it becomes a
radiated nimbus (F. W. Madden, " Num. Chron.," N.S., 1868,
vol. viii. p. 34).
38 Madden, " Gold Coins of the late Due de Blacas," "Num.
Chron.," N.S., vol. viii. p. 32; Cohen, "Med. Imp.," " Cris-
pus," No. 7, cf. " Suppl.," PI. VII., " Constantine II.," No. 26.
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. 11
was again subdued in 31 J. The coins with FRANC. ET
A LAM. were first issued about 308.
64. Obv. CONSTANTINVS P. F. AVG. Bust of
Constantino I. with nimbus facing, raising the
right hand and holding a globe.
Rev. VICTORIOSO SEMPER. Turreted female
to the left, presenting a crown to Constantine,
who is being crowned by Victory : all standing.
In the exergue S. M. T. (Signata Moneta
T/iessalonicce.) N.
(Cohen, "Med. Imp.," No. 143, Autrefoii,
Cabinet des Medailles.)
The date of issue of this coin cannot be fixed. It was
probably struck between 308 and 315.
65. Obv. CONSTANTINVS P. F. AVG. Bust of
Constantine I. to the right, laureated, with
paludamentum, holding a sceptre surmounted by
an eagle.
Rev. SALVS ET SPES REIPVBLICAE. Con
stantine I. with nimbus seated facing on a raised
throne, holding a book and a globe ; on either
side one of his sons standing, holding a sceptre.
In the exergue P. R. (Prima Roma.) M. Med.
(Cohen, " Med. Imp.," No. 168.)
66. Obv. CRISPVS NOB. CAES. Bust of Crispus to
the left laureated, with the imperial mantle,
and holding a sceptre surmounted by an eagle.
Rev. SALVS ET SPES XRPVBLICAE (sic).
Christ seated facing, the right hand raised, and
a cross in His left, between Constantine I. and
one of his sons standing laureated and in military
dress, turning their eyes towards Him. In the
exergue S. P. (sic). M. Med.
(Cohen, "Med. Imp.," No. 27, from Mus.
Sanclem. Num. Sel. iii. p. 182.)
12 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
These coins, according to Cavedoni, 39 were probably
struck on the occasion of one of the consular processions ;
that of Crispus on the occasion of his third, in 324.
With respect to the medallion of Crispus it cannot but
be regarded with great suspicion as described by Sancle-
menti. Evidently the XRPVBLICAE (sic) has been
substituted for REIPVBLICAE, and the cross has been
inserted instead of the globe. The effigy of Christ, too, is
quite out of place at this date ; and though there is no
reason for doubting the existence of such a piece of
Crispus, the type of this specimen has been altered, and
was, probably, originally similar to the medallion of
Constantino I. The exergual letters, too, S. P. (Sanctus
Petrus!) should certainly be S. R. (Secunda Roma).
67. O^.-CONSTANTINVS MAX. AVG. Bust of
Constantine I. to right with diadem and with
paludamentum.
Rev. SALVS ET SPES REIPVBLICAE. Con
stantine I. in military dress with nimbus, seated,
holding a spear ; on each side of him a soldier
standing with a shield and spear. In the
exergue CONS. (Constantinopoli.) jf. Med.
(Cohen, "Med. Imp.," No. 25, Autrefois,
Cabinet des Medailles.)
68. Obv. CONSTANTINVS IVN. NOB. CAES.
Bust of Constantine II. to right.
^r. SALVS ET SPES REIPVBLICAE. Same
type. In the exergue CONS. (Constantinopoli).
N. Med.
(Cohen, "Med. Imp.," No. 7, Ancien Cata-
logue.}
69. Obv. FL. IVL. CONSTANTIVS NOB. CAES.
Bust of Constantius II. laureated, with the
paludamentum.
39 " Ricerche," p. 28.
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. 13
Rev. SALVS ET SPES REIPVBLICAE. Same
type, though the soldiers are each called by Cohen
" un de ses fils debout." In the exergue
CONS. (Constantinopoli). N. Med.
(Cohen, " Med. Imp.," No. 86, Autrefois,
Cabinet des Medailles.)
This type is not found on the coins of Constans, but of
this Caesar there is a gold medallion with the same
legend, and (?) " Constantine L, Constans, and Constan-
tine II. standing," similar to a piece issued by Constan-
tius II., and both struck at Thessalonica. 40
These coins from bearing the mint-mark of Constan-
tinople cannot have been struck before 330, and probably
between that date and 333, as the coins of Constans
made Ccesar in that year are wanting.
70. Obv. FLAVIA MAXIMA FAVSTA AVGVSTA.
Bust of Fausta to the right.
Rev. PIETAS AVGVSTAE. Female seated facing
with nimbus, holding a child in her arms, between
Felicity standing turning to the right, holding a
caduceus, and another female standing turning to
the left ; at her feet, on either side, two genii
standing, holding a crown. In the exergue
P. TR. (Prima Treviris.) N.M.ed.
(Cohen, "Med. Imp.," No. 1, Cabinet des
Medailles, Paris.)
Eckhel 41 calls the seated figure " Fausta," and Mionnet
" Pimpe'ratrice " ; but Cohen thinks that the presence of a
single child in the place of the usual two seen on the
coins of Fausta, as also the nimbus, makes it probable
that the figure is rather that of the Virgin Mary holding
the infant Jesus.
40 Cohen, " Med. Imp.," " Constans," No. 13, " Constan-
tius II.," No. 37.
41 "Doct. Num. Vet.,'' vol. viii. p. 99.
14 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
This coin proves that the name of Fausta was Maxima
and not Maximiana, as stated in Smith's " Dictionary of
Biography."
A brass medallion of similar legend (Cohen, "Med.
Imp.," No. 6), represents Fausta holding out her hand to
her son standing at her side, and holding another in her
arms.
The date of issue of these coins cannot be fixed with
certainty. Cohen 42 is of opinion that if the coins with
the legend SALVS REIPVBLICAE really represent
Fausta holding in her arms her two eldest sons Constan-
tine II. and Constantius II., they were struck in all pro-
bability about 317 or 318.
This date might also suit for the coins with the legend
PIETAS AVGVSTAE above alluded to; but in the
case of the brass medallion representing a boy of four or
five years of age, we must have a representation of the
eldest son, Constantino II., born about 312, and not in
316. 43
71. Obv. CONSTANTINVS IVN. NOB. CAES.
Bust of Constantine II. to the right, laureated.
E*v. FELICITAS PERPETVA AVG. ET.
CAESS. NN. The emperor in military dress
with nimbus, seated, holding a spear ; on either
side a soldier standing with a shield and a spear.
In the exergue CONS. (Comtantinopoli) or.
S. M. N. (Signata Moneta Nicomedid.) JV.
Med.
(Cohen, "Med. Imp.," No. 2, Ancien Cata-
logue du Cabinet des Medaillei.)
This medallion was issued after 330.
42 " Med. Imp.," vol. vi. p. 182, note 2.
48 See I., under the year 317, and VII., " Coins of Con-
stantino I., Constantine II., and Constantius II."
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. 15
After the death of Constantino I. his sons continued
striking coins representing their father with the nimbus
(FELICITAS PERPETVA. M. Med. CONSTANS, Cohen,
No. 3 ; Jf. Cohen, No. 34), and they very soon frequently
adopted it (GLORIA ROMANORVM. N. Med. CON-
STANTIUS II., Cohen, No. 31 ; PEL. TEMP. REPARA-
TIO. M. Cohen, No. 228; cf. GLORIA REIPVB-
LICAE and % N. Med. CONSTANS, Cohen, No. 12,
Autrefois, Cab. des Medailles), a custom continued under
their successors, and especially on the splendid gold me-
dallions of Valens, preserved in the Musde de Vienne
(Cohen, Nos. 1, 6, 8 and 10).
XVIII. FALSE OB UNCERTAIN COINS OF CONSTAN-
TINE I. AND II.
1. Obv. No legend. Head of Constantino I. to the right,
with diadem.
Rev. CONSTANTINVS AVG. The emperor stand-
ing holding a sceptre in his right hand, and in
his left a standard terminating in a pellet, below
which is the banner, and on it )^ ; in the exergue
R. P. (Romdprima.) M. Med.
(Garrucci, " Num. Cost.," 2nd ed., p. 248,
No. 26, from Caronni, "Mus. Hederv." ii., in
vignette, parti secunda additio, pp. 1, 8 ; " Rev.
Num.," 1866, p. 99, No. 26.)
This medallion is not published by Cohen. Garrucci
takes the reverse type to represent the statue of Constan-
tine; but he does not say which statue, or make any
further observations on this piece. It cannot be said to
be above suspicion.
2. Obv.-D. N. CONSTANTINVS P. F. AVG.
Head of Constantine I. veiled ; behind A.
16 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Rev. IN HOC SIN. (sic) VIC. Monogram X; above
a star; in the field S. C- 2E. Med.
This medallion is engraved in the catalogue of the
"Pisani Museum/' 44 and is also published by Tode-
rinus. 45
In spite, however, of the opinion of these authors,
Eckhel rejected it as spurious. 46 M. Cohen states 47 that
it is not a medallion, but a large brass coin. " Comme
tel," he adds, " c'est une me*daille dont le flan est antique,
mais qui est totalement refaite ; il parait meme, par la
forme inegale du flan, qu'on s'est servi d'un grand bronze
de 1'epoque entre Trajan Dece et Gallien. Mis en vente
en 1860, lors de la vente du Cabinet Fontana, le Cabinet
des Medailles Pa acquis pour la faible somme de 26 fr.,
afin de pouvoir prouver la faussete* de cette piece
celebre."
The legend HOC SIGNO VICTOR ERIS occurs
on the second brass of Constantius II. (Cohen, "Md.
Imp.," No. 250), and of Vetranio (Cohen, Nos. 7 and 8),
on the second and small brass of Constantius Gallus
(Cohen, Nos. 45 and 46), and on a gold coin of the same
Caesar struck at Thessalonica (Cohen, No. 10), to all of
which I shall allude in their proper place.
3. Obv. IMP. CAES. FL. CONSTANTINO MAX.
P. F. AVG. Head of Constantino to the right
44 Albertus Mazzolenus, "In num. serea selectiora max. mod.
e Mus. Pisano olim Corrario commentarii," fol. 1740, and " In
num. aerea sel. max. mod. e Mus. Pisano animadversiones," fol.
1741, PI. LXXXI.
44 " De Constantiniana crucis apparitione," p. 60.
4(5 " Numisma istud adeo multis ex causis est insolens, ut non
verear propalam adulterinis accensere." " Doct. Num. Vet.,"
vol. viii. p. 84.
47 "Med. Imp.," vol. vi. p. 119, note 2.
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. 17
laureated, and with paludamentum, surrounded
by the twelve signs of the zodiac.
Bev.S. P. Q. R. QVOD INSTINCTV DIVIIMI-
TATIS MENTIS MAGNITVDINE CVM
EXERCITV SVO TAM DE TYRANNO
?VAM DE OMNI EIVS FACTIONE VNO
EMP. IVSTIS REMP. VLTVS EST
ARMIS ARC. TRIVMPHIS INSIGNEM
DICAVIT, within a laurel wreath. M. 14$.
The reverse legend of this remarkable piece of the
contorniate style is taken from the famous inscription on
the arch of Constantine, dedicated in 315, placed thereon
to commemorate the defeat of Maxentius (tyrannus) in
312, and which reads as follows : 48
IMP. CAES. FL. CONSTANTINO MAXIMO
P. F. AVGVSTO S. P. Q. R.
VOTI8 X QVOD INSTINCTV DlVINITATIS MENTIS SIC X
MAGNITVDINE CVM EXERCITV SVO
TAM DE TYRANNO QVAIYI DE OMNI EIVS
VOTtS XX FACTIONE VNO TEMPORE IVSTIS SIC XX
REMPVBLICAM VLTVS EST ARMIS
ARCVM TRIVMPHIS INSIGNEM DICAVIT
LIBERATOR! VRBIS FVNDATORl QVILTIS
It appears to have been first published by Banduri, 49
but was condemned by Eckhel though he had not seen
it. 50 It was at one time in the collection of Sir Andrew
Fountaine, and from thence passed into that of the Earl
of Pembroke. The compiler of the "Pembroke Sale
Catalogue " 51 in a lengthy note vindicated its authenticity,
48 Orelli, "Inscr.,"No. 1075. See L, A.D. 815. Mr. King
(" Early Christ. Num." p. 17, note) considers that the arch was
dedicated in 312, but gives no authority for his assertion.
49 Vol. ii. pp. 256, 279.
50 " Qualiscunque dicatur, mihi opus antiquum non videtur."
" Doct. Num. Vet.," vol. viii. p. 88.
51 P. 297.
VOX. XVIII. N.S. E
18 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
supposing it to have been " a ticket of admission " issued
on the occasion of the dedication of the arch of Constan-
tine, but whether it sold as a genuine piece I am unable
to say. Cavedoni 52 did not accept it as genuine; and
Cohen 53 has not admitted it tant il par ait suspect.
As regards the inscription on the arch, 54 it has been by
some stated 55 that the words INSTINCTV DIVINI-
TATIS appear to have been written over the effaced
words NVTV IOVIS O. M., or perhaps DNS FAVEN-
TIBVS ; but Garrucci quite sets this question at rest by
assuring us, 56 from personal inspection, that the marble
was not lower, in the portion where these words occur,
than in other parts, nor are the letters themselves con-
fused, nor are there indeed any traces of letters to be
seen that could have been previously engraved. 57
I may add that Constantino himself, in his " Oration
to the Assembly of the Saints," speaks of his services as
owing their origin to the inspiration of God, 58 whilst both
Constantine and Licinius gave thanks to the Deity
82 " Kicerche," p. 21. " Med. Imp.," vol. vi. p. 582.
64 The arch of Constantine is adorned with superb reliefs
relating to the history of Trajan, taken, apparently, from some
arch or other monument of that emperor, contrasting strangely
with the ill-executed sculptures belonging to the time of Con-
stantine himself (T. H. Dyer, Smith, " Diet, of Geog.," vol. ii.
p. 809).
65 Guattini, " Monuraenti Antichi di Roma," p. xciv. 1789 ;
" Roma Descritta," p. 42, 1805; Henzen, "Suppl. ad Orell.,"
vol. iii. p. 113.
56 "Num. Cost.," 2nd ed. p. 245; "Rev. Num.," 1866,
p. 96.
67 The Padre Mozzoni assured Cavedoni (" Ricerche," p. 21,
note) that the words INSTINCTV DIVINITATIS were
the original. Cf. De Rossi, " Bullet. d'Arch. Crist.," 1863, Nos.
7 and 8.
>8 'E ri7iWae Ocov rrjv dpx*) v ex ov<rai/ &$ v rf^ */>?? avBpa-
yaOias TOV Qtov OLTLOV etj/cu Sia/Je/Jatowrcu. " Ap. Euseb.," C. 26.
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. 19
(Divinitas) and to God (Dem) for the victories that they
had gained over Maxentius. 59
On this contorniate the twelve signs of the Zodiac are
said to occur, a rare symbol on Roman coins. It may be
seen on the well-known gold coin of Hadrian with the
legend SAEC. AVR., and the type a male figure stand-
ing holding in his right hand " a Zodiac," which surrounds
the whole type, called by Cohen une aureole ovale and
on a large brass coin of Antoninus Pius, with the type
of Italia seated on a globe around which is the " Zodiac/'
which peculiarity is not mentioned by Cohen, and on
Alexandrian coins of the same Emperor, 61 also on a me-
dallion of Alexander Severus, 62 and on a rare gold coin of
Constantine the Great. 63
4. Obv. CONSTANTINVS P. F. AVG. Head of
Constantine I. to the left, laureated.
Rev. VICTORIA MAXVMA written round the
monogram )j^ placed between A and 00. jy.
This coin was engraved by Jacobus Biseus, 64 and was
also illustrated by Joannes Hemelarius, 65 and was accepted
as genuine by Tanini. 66
59 See I. under years 312313. Cavedoni (" Ricerche,"
p. 21 note) notices that Constantine is called Divino monitus
instinctu by his anonymous panegyrist (viii. c. 11), and by
Nazarius (" Paneg.," ix. c. 17 ; cf. 12, 13) as governing Divino
instinctu.
60 " Med. Imp.," No. 471. See XIH. note 120.
61 Eckhel, " Doct. Num. Vet.," vol. iv. p. 70.
62 Eckhel, "Doct. Num. Vet.," vol. ii. p. 40.
63 See F. W. Madden, " Num. Chron.," N.S., 1862, vol. ii.
p. 48, for further remarks on this question.
6i Nuniismata aurea," PI. LI., 4to, Antwerp, 1615.
65 " Imp. Rom. Num. aurea," Antwerp, 1627.
86 " Suppl. ad Bandar.," p. 265.
20 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
On these authorities Garrucci published it, 67 quoting in
its support a description by Vettori, in a MS. catalogue
of the Christian Museum of the Vatican, of a small brass
coin of similar type, 68 and he is still disposed to consider
it as genuine. 69
But Eckhel 70 placed the two authors, Biaeus and
Hemelarius, as describers of coins in whom nulla plane
habenda Jides, an opinion which has been also taken by
Cavedoni. 71
The coin has however been accepted as genuine by
other modern writers in support of theories connected
with Christian Antiquities ; 72 but I must confess that in
the absence of further proof I am quite disposed to con-
sider it a forgery. It is not published by Cohen.
A coin of Constantino I. with the monogram % on the
helmet, and another with ^ trace en creux on a pedestal
supporting a shield on which are the letters VOT. PR.,
originally published by Garrucci, 73 are now rejected by
him as false; 74 and he adds, in the case of the latter
~ 7 " Num. Cost.," 1st ed., No. 65.
68 " Nummus ex aere parvi moduli in quo Constantini caput
et litterse partim deperditse. In aversa parte monogram ma
Christi decussatum litteris utrinque A et CD et litteras in gyro
cletritae." Cf. Garrucci, " Num. Cost.," 1st ed.,No. 66. This
coin, in the opinion of Cavedoni (" Appendice," p. 5), is a
worn-out example of the well-known piece of Constantius II.
with the legend SALVS AVG. NOSTRI effaced from around
the monogram ^ placed between the letters A and 00 (Cohen,
" Med. Imp.," No. 260).
69 "Num. Cost.," 2nd ed. p. 258; "Rev. Num.," 1866,
p. 109.
70 " Doct. Nam. Vet.," vol. vi., Prafatio, pp. xiii. and viii.
71 " Appendice," p. 5.
72 Martigny, "Diet, des Antiq. Chretiennes," p. 458; Rev.
R. St. John Tyrwhitt, Smith, " Diet, of Christ. Antiq.," s. v. A
and H. 73 "Num. Cost.," 1st ed., Nos. 13 and 16.
74 "Num. Cost.," 2nd ed., p. 253; "Rev. Num.," 186C.
p. 110.
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANT1NE I. 21
coin, that he has seen another specimen on which the
pedestal bears the monogram *f grave en creux in the
same manner and probably by the same hand.
To the coin which has been supposed to refer to the
" baptism " of Constantine I. I have already referred. 75
To these may be added the false or uncertain coin of
Constantine II. Caesar.
Obv.D. N. CONSTANTINVS IV. N. C. Bust
of Constantine II. with diadem.
^.VICTORIA AVGG. Seated female figure
holding a sceptre in the left hand and a Victory
in the right ; in front of her in the field "J" ; in
the exergue TR. S. (Tr evens secunda).
This piece was published together with another of
silver by Garrucci 76 from Tristan, 77 as a gold coin, but
Cavedoni 78 has shown that it was really described by this
author as a silver one, whilst the other was of brass. The
AVGG. has been supposed by Garrucci to refer to Lici-
nius and Constantine, and to have been issued anterior to
323, perhaps being struck in 316 (?).
The fact is that in all probability the coin has been
confounded with the pieces of Constantine III. (407 411)
which have the legend VICTORIA AAAVGGGG.,and
which were attributed by Banduri to Constantine II. 79
Garrucci, however, in his second edition 80 still speaks of
it as an aureus, though he does not place it in his cata-
logue, "in order to give no occasion for new disputes."
75 I. under the year 837, note 113.
76 "Num. Cost.," 1st ed., No. 10.
77 Vol. iii. p. 594. 78 " Appendice," p. 4.
79 Cf. Eckhel, " Doct. Num. Vet.," vol. viii. p. 108, 177;
Cavedoni, "Appendice," p. 4.
80 "Num. Cost.," 2nd ed., p. 253; "Rev. Num.," 1866,
p. 108.
22 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
He also states that the legend VICTORIA AVGG. is
enumerated among the types of the coins of Constan-
tine II. by Mezzabarba, 81 who gives the same legend as
occurring on those of Nepotian. Every numismatist,
however, knows the value of the work of Mediobarbus, 82
and no such coins, either of Constantine II. or Nepotian,
are described by Cohen. The legend VICTORIA
AVGG. may be found on the brass coins of Constan-
tius II. and Constans, but with a different type. 83
In these circumstances I consider that the coin is either
a forgery, or that it has been confounded with the coins
of Constantine III., and then wrongly attributed.
XIX. CHRONOLOGY FROM THE DEATH OF CON-
STANTINE I. TO THE DEATH OF JULIAN.
A.D.
337. Constantius II., Emperor in the East, gives Illyricum
to his brother Constans.
338. The sons of Constantine meet in Pannonia.
340. War between Constantine II. and Constans. The
former is killed, 84 and the East falls to the lot of Con-
stantius II., and Constans becomes sole master of the
West.
341. Arian synod of Antioch, at which Constantius II. was
present.
81 P. 477, ed. Argelati. Mediolan., fol. 1730.
82 Cf. Eckhel, "Doct. Num. Vet.," vol. vi., Prafatio, pp. iv.
xii.
83 XX. " Coins of Constantius II. and Constans. A. First
Series after the Death of Constantine II."
84 The statement of Philostorgius (" Hist. Eccles.," iii. c. 1)
that Constans plotted against the life of his brother, or that
Constantine II. was poisoned by his brother at Nicomedia (ii.
c. 16), cannot be accepted as true (cf. Socrat., "Hist. Eccles.,"
ii. c. 5; Sozornen, "Hist. Eccles.," iii. c. 2; Theod., "Hist.
Eccles.," ii. c. 4).
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. 23
A.D.
Synod of Sardica. 347.
Constans killed by Magnentius, who also kills Nepotian 350.
after a short reign of twenty-eight days, and makes him-
self master of the whole of the Western Empire except
Illyricum, which is conquered by Vetranio.
Constantius II. sends his nephew Constantius Gallus 351.
to govern Thrace and Egypt as Caesar. He deprives
Vetranio of the purple, and defeats Magnentius at the
battle of Mursa, conquering Illyricum and Italy.
Constantius II. drives Magnentius into Gaul. 352.
Defeat and death of Magnentius by his own hand. His 353.
brother Decentius also commits suicide.
Marriage of Constantius II. and Eusebia.
Constantius Gallus put to death. 354.
Julian the Apostate made Casar, receiving the govern- 355.
ment of Britain, Gaul, Spain, and Mauretania Tingitana.
Visit of Constantius II. to Rome. 857.
Julian proclaimed Augustus at Paris. Death of his 360.
wife Helena.
"War between Julian and Constantius II. Death of 861.
the latter at Mopsucrene, near Tarsus. Julian sole
emperor.
Death of Julian. 363.
XX. COINS OF CONSTANTINE II., CONSTANTIUS II.,
AND CONSTANS AUGUSTI. 85
A. COINS WITH $<.
Obv. CONSTANTINVS AVG. Bust of Constan-
tine II. to right, with diadem and with paluda-
mentum and cuirass.
85 For the classification of this section I have to record my
acknowledgment of the labours of the late Mr. de Salis, whose
admirable arrangement of the Roman coins in the British
Museum enables the numismatist to at once find all the coins
24 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS. Two soldiers stand-
ing holding spear and shield ; between them the
labarum, on which K|H ; in the exergue TR. P.
(Treveris prima). M.
(British Museum, PI. IV. No. 3.)
Obv.FL. IVL. CONSTANTIVS AVG. Bust
of Constantius II. to right, laureated, with
cuirass, or with palndamentum and cuirass.
Aw. GLORIA EXERCITVS. Same type. On the
labarum HM ; in the exergue TR. P. (Treveris
prima) or TR. S. (Treveris secunda). 2Ei.
(British Museum.)
Obv. FL. IVL. CONSTANS AVG. Bust of Con-
stans to right, laureated, with paludamentum and
cuirass.
Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS. Same type. On the
labarum H{-I ; in the exergue TR. S. M.
(British Museum.)
B. COINS WITH $$.
I have not seen any coin of Constantine II. of this
series, but it doubtless exists. That attributed to it by
the late Mr. de Salis I have restored to Constantine I. 86
of the sons of Constantine when Auyusti which bear Christian
emblems. The advantage of his system, i.e. that of arranging
coins under the mints in which they were issued, could not
have better testimony. It would have been a work of con-
siderable time under the old system of arrangement to have
succeeded in finding the coins searched for. It is at present
an impossibility from published catalogues, such as that of M.
Cohen, to properly classify any portion of the Roman series
alter the introduction of mint marks (see my INTRODUCTION,
note 19). Mr. Grueber also deserves my best thanks for send-
ing me a catalogue of the coins included in this section.
M See XII., " Coins of Constantine I., &c."
Obv.FL. IVL. CONSTANTIVS AVG. Bust of
Constantius II. to right, laureate*}, with paluda-
mentum and cuirass.
Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS. Same type. On the
1'ilmrum < ; in the exergue S. CON. (Sect.nda
Constantino, [Aries]). JE.
(British Museum. PL IV. No. 4.)
Mi;. IMP. CONSTANS AVG. Bust of Constans
to right, with diadem and with paludamentwm
and cuirass.
AW.-GLORIA EXERCITVS. Same type. On the
lalmmin ^ ; in the exergue S. CONST. ^E.
(British Museum.)
C. COINS WITH >.
Obv. CONSTANTINVS MAX. AVG. Bust of
Constantine II. to right, with diadem and with
paludameutum and cuirass.
Aw. GLORIA EXERCITVS. Same type. On the
labarum ^ ; in the exergue 6. SISw (5 Siscid).
M.
(British Museum, PI. IV. No. 5. Other ex-
amples have in the exergue A. SIS., A. SIS^.,
SIS-; etc. Similar coins also bearing the title
MAX,, were issued at Lyons P. LG., S. LG.,
British Museum, PI. IV. No. 6. They are.
erroneously attributed by M. Feuardent, " Rev.
Num.," 1856, p. 253, PI. VII. No. 2, to Con-
stantine I. the Great.)
O^.-CONSTANTINVS IVN. AVG. Bust of
Constantine II. to right, with diadem and with
paludamentum and cuirass.
Bev. GLORIA EXERCITVS. Same type. On the
labarum % ; in the exergue S. LG. (Secunda
Luffduno).*" M.
87 On a coin of Constantine II., in the British Museum, struck
at Lugdunurn, there is on the labarum the letter S. Letters
VOL. XVIII. H,s. E
26 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
(British Museum. A similar coin occurs at
Aquileia AQ. S., but the obverse legend is
D. N. CONSTANTINVS P. F. AVG.)
Obv. CONSTANTIVS P. F. AVG. Bust of Con
stantius II. to right, with diadem and with palu-
damentum and cuirass.
^.-GLORIA EXERCITVS. Same type. On the
In/ntnnn "% ; in the exergue A. SIS. or B.
sis c ; r. sis, r. sis^. M.
(British Museum. Other examples were struck
at Lyons P. LG., S. LG., and at Aquileia
AQ. P., AQ. S. The letters P. F. are
omitted on those of the former mint, and D. N.
are added on those of the latter. On similar
coins struck at Aries S. CONST., the obverse
legendis FL. IVL. CONSTANTIVS AVG.)
Obv. CONSTANS P. F. AVG. Bust of Constans
to right, with diadem and with paludamentum
and cuirass.
Jkv.-GLORIA EXERCITVS. Same type. On the
labarum ^ ; in the exergue A. SIS. or B.
sis., r. sis., e. sis., etc. M.**
(British Museum. Similar coins were issued
at Lyons P. LG., S. LG-, and Aquileia AQ.
P., ACJ. S.; on the former the letters P. F.
are omitted.)
No coins of this series with either % or X were issued
at Rome, Tkessalonica, Constantinople, Cyzicus, Nicomedia,
Antioch, or Alexandria.
The rare little coin of Constantino II., Augustus with
on the labarum of the coins of Constantius II. and Constans
were probably struck soon after the death of Constantine II.
See note 90.
88 Cohen publishes coins of this type of Constantius II., with
the obverse legend CONSTANTIVS MAX. AVG., from
the collection of M. Asselin (" Suppl.," No. 16), and of Con-
stans, with the legend CONSTANS MAX. AVG., from the
Musee de Danemarc (" Med. Imp.," No. 135), but no exergual
letters are given. See I. under the year 315, noie 72.
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. 27
the legend SPES PVBLICA, I have already described
in a previous section. 89
COINS OF CONSTANTIUS II. AND CONSTANS.
A. FIRST SERIES AFTER THE DEATH OF CONSTANTINE II. IN 340.
Obv. CpNSTANTIVS AVG. Bust of Constan-
tius II. to right, with diadem and with cuirass.
Kev. GLORIA EXERCITVS. Same type. On the
labarum % ; in the exergue P. LG- (Prima
Lugdund). ^E.
(British Museum, PL IV. No. 7.)
Obv. CONSTANS P. F. AVG. Bust of Constans
to right with diadem, and with paludamentum
and cuirass.
Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS. Same type. On the
labarum ) ; in the exergue P. LG. 90 M.
(British Museum.)
Obv. Same type.
Rev. Same type. On the labarum X ; in the exergue
P . A R L . (Prima Arelato). M .
89 X., " Coins of Constantine I. and II."
90 On some of the coins of Constans and Constantius II. of
this type, the labarum is adorned with the letter M., and
M. de Witte has suggested (" Eev. Num.," 1857, p. 197) that
perhaps this is the initial of the Virgin Man;. Mr. King
(" Early Christ. Num.," p. 43) has on the other hand proposed
that the letter M is the initial of " Magnentius," who was
cominander-in-chief of the Jovians and Herculians under Con-
stans. He adds that the letters C and O are found on the
coinage of his brothers (?) in the same position, and that,
perhaps, the names of persons may be discovered who held a
similar office, and whose name would well take themselves to
these initials ! But neither of these theories are worthy of
serious thought. Moreover, how are the letters G., I., T-, or
Y-, which are similarly placed on the coins of Constans (Cohen,
" Med. Imp.," No. 141) and Constantius II. (Cohen, Nos. 240,
242, 243) to be explained ?
28 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
(Brilish Museum, PI. IV. No. 8. A similar
coin was issued at Antioch S. M. ANT. but
the obverse legend is D. N- CONSTANS
P. F. AVG.)
Obv. CONSTANTIVS P. F. AVG. Bust of Con-
stantius II. to right with diadem, and with
paludamentum and cuirass.
Rev. VICTORIA AVGG. Victory walking to left
holding wreath and palm, or two wreaths, in the
field, either to right or left ) ; in the exergue
etc. M.
(British Museum. Cf. Cohen, " Med. Imp.,"
No. 267.)
Obv. CONSTANS P. F. AVG. Bust of Constans
to right with diadem, and with paludamentum
and cuirass.
Rev. VICTORIA AVGG. Same type. In the field
either to right or left % ; in the exergue ^|(-
B. SIS.)K; or^r. SIS.*. M.
(British Museum. Cf. Cohen, " Med. Imp.,"
Nos. 158, 159.)
No coins of this series with either ^ or X were issued
at Trtves, Rome, Aquileia, Thessalonica, Constantinople,
Cyzicus, Nicomedia, or Alexandria.
B. SECOND SERIES AFTER THE DEATH OF CONSTANTINE II.
IN 340.
oh-. FL. IVL. CONSTANTIVS AVG. Bust of
Constantius II. to right, laurcated, and with /;//<-
dntncntum and cuirass.
Her. PAX AVGVSTORVM. Constantius II. stand-
ing holding lub'.trnm, on which ; in the exergue
TR. S. (Trcrcris wcinida). At,
(British Museum, PI. IV., No. 9. Cf. Cohen,
"M'd. Imp.," No. 94.)
CHRISTIAN KM15LKMS OX COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. 29
Obv. FL. IVL. CONSTANTIVS P. F. AVG.
Bust of Constantius II. to right, with diadem,
and with paludamentum and cuirass.
Rev. VIRTVS DD. NN. AVGG. Constantius II.
standing, holding labantm, on which % ; in the
exergue TR. (Treveris). M.
(British Museum. Not published by Cohen.)
Obv. FL. IVL. CONSTANS P. F. AVG. Bust of
Constans to right with diadem, and with paluda-
mentum and cuirass.
Rev. VIRTVS DD. NN. AVGG. Constans standing
holding labarum, on which ^ ; in the exergue
TR. JR.
(British Museum, PI. IV. No. 10. Not pub-
lished by Cohen.)
These three coins appear to have been issued only at
Treves.
06*. D. N. CONSTANTIVS P. F. AVG.
Bust of Constantius II. to right, with diadem,
and with paludamentum and cuirass.
Ret\ FEL. TEMP. REPARATIO. Emperor hold-
ing phoenix and labarum, on which )^, standing
in boat guided by Victory; in exergue TR.
P. orTR.S. m.
(British Museum, PI. IV. No. 11.)
Obv. D. N. CONSTANS P. F. AVG. Bust of
Constans to right, with diadem and with palu-
damentum and cuirass.
Rev. FEL. TEMP. REPARATIO. Same type. 2E.
(British Museum.)
This type was issued also at Lyons, Aries, Rome,
Aquileia, Siscia, Thessalonica, and Antioch (with jg or >-f<
on the I aba mm) y and generally of two sizes, a larger and a
30 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
smaller. On some of the coins there may be seen the
letter A behind the bust, or in the field of the reverse.
Sometimes the emperor holds a Victory instead of the
pho3nix. On a well-preserved specimen of a coin of
Constans struck at Treves, in the possession of Mr. H.
W. Henfrey, the monogram on the labarum has the
form ^.
Obv.D. N. CONSTANTIVS P. F. AVG. Bust
of Constantius II. to left, with diadem, and with
paludamentum and cuirass, and holding a globe ;
behind N.
Rev. PEL. TEMP. REPARATIO. Emperor holding
labarum on which ^ and shield ; before him two
captives. In the exergue R. P., R. S., R. T.,
R. Q. (Romd,prima, secunda, tertia, quarto). 3&.
(British Museum.)
Obv. D. N. CONSTANS P. F. AVG. Bust of,
Constans to left, with diadem, and with palu-
damentum and cuirass, and holding a globe.
Rev.^- FEL. TEMP. REPARATIO. Same type. &.
(British Museum.)
This type was issued also at Aquileia, Constantinople,
Cyzicus (with sometimes ^ on the labarum), Nicomedia,
Antioch (with sometimes ^ on the labarum) , and Alexan-
dria (with sometimes X on the labarum). For varieties
of the type, see Cohen, "Med. Imp.," CONSTANTIUS II.,
Nos. 213235; CONSTANS, Nos. 112123.
With reference to the legend FEL. TEMP. REPA-
RATIO (Felix Temporis Reparatio), M. Cohen has well
remarked 91 that "the happy reparation" did not extend
to the softening of manners, for the types of the coins as
91 "Med. Imp.," vol. vi. p. 264, m>t<:
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE 1. 31
a rule represent scenes of the grossest cruelty. At the
introduction of Christianity artistic style seems to have
perished, and the coinage of this and later periods, to
quote M. Cohen's expression, can be summed up in two
words, "monotonie dans les types, lorsqu'ils ne sont pas
barbares, barbarie lorsqu'ils ne sont pas monotones."
XXI. OTHER COINS OF CONSTANTIUS II. AND
CONSTANS. FIRST INTRODUCTION OF A AND CD
ON COINS.
The monogram ^ may be seen represented on the
shield held by Constantius II., and sometimes on the field
of the reverse on several gold coins with the legend
GLORIA REIPVBLICAE (Cohen, "MeU Imp.," Nos.
79, 80, 85), whilst on another gold coin with the legend
VICTOR OMNIVM GENTIVM, preserved in the
Musee de Danemarc (Cohen, No. 108), and struck at
Treves, the emperor is holding the labarum ; as also on
a silver coin struck at Aquileia, with the legend
TRIVMPHATOR GENTIVM BARBARARVM
(Cohen, No. 39).
It is under Constantius II. that the brass coins with
the legend HOC SIGNO VICTOR ERIS are first
issued 92 (Cohen, No. 250), on which the emperor is
93 See I. note 35 ; and XVIII., " False or Uncertain Coins
of Constantine I. and II." On a marble given by Bosio, the
monogram ^ is surmounted by the legend IN HOC VINCES,
and underneath it SINFONIA ET FILIIS, " ce qui, par allu-
sion a la vision de 1'Empereur, exprime," says Martigny (" Diet,
des Antiq. Chret.," p. 417), " certainement la victoire que
SINFONIA et ses fils avaient remportee par la vertu du nom
de Jesus-Christ, ou peut-etre une exhortation aux chretiens de
se prevaloir de ce nom sacre pour triompher des ennemis de
leur salut."
32 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
represented holding the labarum and a sceptre, and
crowned by Victory. (British Museum, PL IV. No. 12.)
A splendid gold medallion of Constans, formerly in the
Cabinet des Medailles at Paris (Cohen, No. 12), struck at
Siscia, represents on the obverse Constans with the
cuirass ornamented with the >^, and on the reverse the
>^ between the heads of Constans and Constantius II.
seated, 93 whilst on his silver medallions struck at Siscia
and Aquileia (Cohen, No. 16), with the legend TRI-
VMPHATOR GENTIVM BARBARARVM, as also
on a gold coin in the British Museum, with, on the
obverse, CONSTANS MAX. AVG., and on the reverse
SPES REIPVBLICAE, struck at Siscia (Cohen, No. 52),
the emperor is standing holding the labarum, whilst on
some brass coins with the legend VICTORIA AVGG.
(Cohen, Nos. 158, 159) there is in the field .
The most important innovation of this period was the
introduction of the letters A and 00. I have already
pointed out w that the coin of Constantino I. with these
letters cannot be relied on, and I have now further to
state that many numismatists and others 95 have accepted
a gold coin of Constantius II. with these letters, which
they have described as follows :
O^.-CONSTANTIVS P. F. AVG. Bust of Con
stantius II. to the left, radiated.
Rev. A % 00 in the middle of the field. N.
The fact is the reverse legend was really originally
93 See XVII., " Coins of Constantine I. with the nimbus."
94 XVIII., " False or Uncertain Coins of Constantine I."
95 Garrucci, " Num. Cost.," 1st ed., No. 64; followed
by Martigny, " Diet, des Antiq. Chret.," p. 458, who is again
copied by the Rev. K. St. John Tyrwhitt, in Smith's " Diet,
of Christ. Aiitiq.," a. c. A and fl.
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. 33
described by Banduri 96 as A % Q., and so it is given by
Mionnet, 97 and by Cohen 98 from Caylus.
I must however be allowed, with Cavedoni," to doubt
the authenticity of this piece.
These letters do, however, occur upon the second brass
coins of Constantius II. struck about (?) 350 353 :
Obv. D. N. CONSTANTIVS P. F. AVG. Bust of
Constantius II. to the right, with diadem, and
with paludamentum and cuirass ; sometimes
behind the head A.
Jfoi>. SALVS AVG. NOSTRI. In the field
between A and CO. In the exergue TR. S. ^.
m.
(British Museum, PL IV. No. 13. Cohen,
"M6d. Imp.," No. 260.)
The letters A and CD may also be found on a rare
silver medallion of Constans :
Obv.D. N. CONSTANS P. F. AVG. Bust of
Constans with diadem.
Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVM (sic). Four military
standards ; on the second the letter A, and on
the third QJ ; above % ; in the exergue R .
(Roma). M. Med.
(Eckhel, "Doct. Num. Vet.," vol. vi. p. 112;
Cohen, " Med. Imp.," No. 28, from the Musee de
Vienne. )
Cavedoni has suggested 100 that Constans, in striking
this medallion at Rome, wished to testify his adherence
to the Catholic dogma of the divinity and eternity of the
96 Vol. ii. p. 227.
97 "Med. Rom.," vol. ii. p. 272.
98 " Med. Imp.," No. 154.
99 " Appendice," p. 5.
100 " Appendice," p. 15.
VOL. XVI1J. N.S. F
34 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Incarnate Word in opposition to the Arian heresy favoured
by his brother Constantius II. It may indeed have been
struck soon after the council of Sardica, in 347, when
Constans sent two of the bishops who had attended the
Council with letters to his brother requesting him to
attend to all that the bishops might say, and threatening
him with war if he did not, to which Constantius, who
was at Antioch, agreed. 101
Though these are the earliest examples of the A and CO
on coins, these letters were probably employed before this
date, 102 perhaps even before the Council of Nice in 325,
as proved by the tomb of the martyr Heraclius, who
suffered long before the reign of Constantine, found in
the cemetery of Priscilla, 103 by an inscription given by
Fabretti, 104 and by a cup given by Boldetti from the
cemetery of Callixtus. 105 The Arians carefully avoided
their use, 106 and it was not till about 347 that it com-
menced to come into general use in any case on
coins. 107
The origin of these letters can of course be traced to
the words of St. John, "I am Alpha and Omega, the
101 Socrates, " Hist. Eccles.,"ii. c. 22, 23; Theodoret, "Hist.
Eccles.," ii. c. 8.
102 Martigny, "Diet, des Antiq. Chre"t.," P- 42.
103 Aringhi, vol. i. p. 605, Roina, 16511659.
104 " Inscr. Ant. Explic.," p. 739, Roma, 1699.
108 Oss. sopra i cim.," etc., p. 194, PL III. No. 4, Roma,
1720.
06 Giorgi, << De Monogrammate Christi," p. 10, Roma, 1738.
107 The earliest public monument from a sacred building bear-
ing the A % CD is that preserved in the Hotel de Ville at Sion,
in Switzerland, and dated in the year 377, under the consulship
of Gratian with Merobaudus (Le Blant, " Inscr. Chret. de la
Gaule," vol. i. p. 496, No. 369 ; Mommsen, " Inscr. Confoeder.
Helvet. Lat.," p. 3, No. 10 ; Prof. Babington in Smith's " Diet,
of Christ. Antiq.," vol. i. p. 848). See XV., " Remarks on
the Forms of the Crosses adopted by Constantine I."
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. 35
beginning and the end, the first and the last/' 108 and the
poet Prudentius, who was born during the reign of Con-
stantius II. and Constans (348), mentions them as fol-
lows ;10'J_
" Corde natus ex parentis, ante mundi exordium
Alpha et (jj cognominatus ; ipse fons et clausula
Omnium, quce sunt, fuerunt, quaeque post futura sunt."
As to the form QJ instead of ft, the Padre Garrucci ll
asserts that the ft nowhere occurs on any authentic
Christian monument, and condemns, as also does De
Rossi, a ring published by Costadoni on which is a dolphin
between the letters A and ft.
XXII. COINS OF NEPOTIAN, VETRANIO, MAGNEN-
TIUS, DECENTIUS, CONSTANTIUS GALLUS, AND
JULIAN.
350.
Obv. D. N. IVL. NEPOTIANVS P. F. AVG. Bust
of Nepotian to right, with diadem and with
palmlamentum.
Jfcy. VRBS ROMA. Rome helmeted, seated to left,
holding a globe, surmounted with )^ (^) and a
spear reversed ; at her side a shield ; in the
exergue R. P. (Roma Prima). N.
(Cohen, " Med. Imp.," No. 1, from the Musee
du Vatican.)
This coin was minted at Rome, of which city Nepotian
made himself master in 350.
108 'Eyo> TO A Kal TO O, 6 Trpoiros KOL 6
re'Xos. Rev. xxii. 13 ; cf. i. 8, 11 ; xxi. 6.
109 " Cathemirmon," ix. 10.
110 " Hagioglypta," p. 168, note.
36 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Obv.D. N. VETRANIO P. F. AVG. Bust of
Vetranio to right, laureated, and with paluda-
mentum and cuirass.
Rev. SALVATOR REIPVBLICAE. Vetranio walk
ing to left, holding the labarum, on which ^
and a spear, and crowned by Victory, who is
following him. In the exergue SIS. (Siscid). N.
(British Museum, PI. IV. No. 14; Cohen,
"Med. Imp.," No. 2.)
On another coin of Vetranio of silver described by
Cohen (No. 1) from Welzl, the reverse legend is RE-
STITVTOR REIP., and the type, Vetranio standing
holding the labarum.
The legend SALVATOR REIPVBLICAE is new.
Eckhel writes, 111 " ab eruditis jam est observatum, voca-
bula salvator, salvare, a Christianorum disciplina, et SS.
Patribus inventa, pro quo melius Latine dices servator,
servare"
Vetranio also issued brass coins with the legend HOC
SIGNO VICTOR ERIS (Cohen, "Med. Imp.," Nos. 7
and 8), as may be found on the coins of Constantius II.
and of Constantius Gallus, whilst on some others with the
legend CONCORDIA MILITVM he is represented
standing holding two labara, and above his head a star
(Cohen, No. 4).
850853.
Obv. D. N. MAGIMEIMTIVS P. F. AVG. Bust of
Magnentius to the right, with paludamentum and
cuirass.
Rev. SALVS DD. IMIM. AVG. ET CAES. written
round *^. In the exergue A MB. (Ambiano).
m.
(Cohen, "Med. Imp.," Nos. 42 45.)
" Doct. Num. Vet.," vol. viii. p. 120.
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. 37
The same type occurs upon the coins of his son Decen-
tius Caesar (Cohen, No. 20).
The mint of Ambianum (Amiens) was established by
Magnentius, but was suppressed soon after his death by
Constantius II.
Some other brass coins of Magnentius (Cohen, Nos. 47,
58), and Decentius (Nos. 31 and 39) with the legend
VICT. DD. NN. AVG. ET CAES., represent two
Victories holding a crown on which VOT. V. MVLT. X.
and on the crown the monogram > or -f (?).
351354.
A silver coin of Constantius Gallus, preserved in the
Musee de Danemarc (Cohen, No. 4), represents this Caesar
as holding the labarum, whilst another (No. 17) shows a
star in a crown of laurel surmounted by a cross. The
legend HOC SIGNO VICTOR ERIS occurs on one of
his gold coins struck at Thessalonica (No. 10), as also on
some of his brass (Nos. 45, 46), as we have seen it on the
coins of Constantius II. and Vetranio.
Some curious coins of this prince with the Isis reverse
(Nos. 49, 50) show that he to a certain extent must have
embraced the Pagan opinions of his brother Julian.
When Constantius II. made Gallus C&sar in 351, and
sent him to Antioch to take command of the East, it is
recorded 112 that as he was entering the city the Saviour's
sign appeared in the East, and a pillar in the form of a
cross was seen in the heavens to the astonishment of the
beholders; 113 and upon the occasion of Constantius's
112 Socrat., " Hist. Eccles.," ii. c. 28.
113 Valesius notes that the same is recorded in the Fasti of
Idatius, after the consulate of Sergius and Nigrinianus.
38 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
victory over Magnentius in 353, the sign of the cross is
said to have appeared to him of immense size and exceed-
ing the brightness of day. It was noticed by the soldiers
of both armies, but frightened Magnentius and encouraged
Constantius. 114
855363.
Immediately on the accession of Julian the Apostate all
Christian emblems were abolished and Pagan customs
and worship were re-established. In consequence most
of the coins of this Emperor bear the images of Apollo,
Jupiter, the DEVS SANCTVS NILVS, and of many
Egyptian deities, Anubis, Serapis, Isis, etc., several of
them representing himself as Serapis, and his wife Helena
as Isis.
It is then hardly to be expected that any coin of this
prince would be in existence bearing Christian signs ;
and yet there is one a bronze medallion which, if it
may be trusted, bears marks of Christianity. Its descrip-
tion is as follows :
Obv. D. N. CL. IVLIAIMVS N. C. Bust of Julian
to right, bare, with cuirass.
Rev.. VIRTVS AVG. N. Julian standing to left
holding a laurel-branch and a standard, and
111 Philostorg., " Hist. Eccles.," iii. c. 26, who adds that the
same sign appeared at Jerusalem about the third hour of the
day, which is called the Day of Pentecost, and that it stretched
from Mount Calvary to the Mount of Olives like a rainbow ; a
story that is given by Sozomen (" Hist. Eccles.," iv. c. 5), under
the year 848, when Cyril succeeded Maximus in the govern-
ment of the Church at Jerusalem. Cf. Gibbon, " Rom. Emp.,"
ed. Smith, vol. iii. pp. 66, 67. I may add that Philostorgius
was a remarkably credulous man, and that his authority is very
suspicious (Lardner, "Credibility, etc.," vol. iii. p. 598 ; Gibbon,
" Rom. Emp.," vol. ii. p. 365, note a ; cf. vol. iii. p. 53,
note 44).
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. 39
placing the right foot on the back of a captive
seated on the ground ; beneath the standard <.
M. Med.
(Cohen, " Med. Imp.," No. 51, from Wiczay.)
I must remark that the description of this piece is
taken from Wiczay } and the only point in its favour is
that it shows Julian as bearing the title of Caesar. If
really authentic it must have been struck immediately on
his appointment to that honour in 355. I cannot, how-
ever, say that the medallion is above suspicion.
It is recorded of Julian that directly after he received
the wound which caused his death, he took some of his
blood in his hand and threw it up towards heaven,
crying, "Galilsean, thou hast conquered! " 115
XXIII. CHRONOLOGY FROM THE TIME OF JOVIAN
TO THAT OF THEODOSIUS I. THE GREAT.
A.D.
Jovian sole Emperor. 363.
Death of Jovian. Yalentinian I. and Valens. The 364.
former takes the West, including Western Illyricum and
Africa ; the latter the rest of the European provinces,
Asia and Egypt.
Revolt of Procopius in the East. 365.
Defeat and death of Procopius by order of Yalens. 366.
Valentinian I. associates his eldest son Gratian as 367.
Augustus.
Marriage of Gratian with Flavia Maxima Constantia, 374.
the daughter of Constantius II.
s, TaXtXate. Theodoret, " Hist. Eccles.," iii. c.
25. Philostorgius (" Hist. Eccles.," vii. c. 15) says that Julian
sprinkled his blood towards the Sun, and cursed his gods,
exclaiming, "take thy fill." Cf. Sozomen, "Hist. Eccles.,"
vi. c. 2.
40 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
A.D.
375. Death of Valentinian I., and partition of the West
between his two sons. Gratian takes the provinces which
formed the government of Julian the Apostate, i.e.
Britain, Gaul, Spain, and Mauretania Tingitana ; Valen-
tinian II. Italy, Rhaetia, Africa, and Illyricum.
378. Defeat of Valens by the Goths and his death.
379. Elevation of Theodosius.
383. Gratian killed by Magnus Maximus, who obtains his
share of the Empire and of Northern Italy. Theodosius
associates his son Arcadius as Augustus.
388. Theodosius defeats and kills Magnus Maximus, and
reinstates Valentinian II., who is now sole Emperor of the
West.
390. Temple of Serapis destroyed.
392. Arbogastes murders Valentinian II. and sets up
Eugenius, who takes possession of the same provinces
as Magnus Maximus, Theodosius being recognised in the
rest of the Empire.
394. Defeat and death of Eugenius. Theodosius, now sole
Emperor, associates Honorius, his second son, as
Augustus.
396. Death of Theodosius and final division of the Eastern
and Western Empires. Arcadius and Honorius, Emperors
of the East and West, take respectively the shares of
Valens and Valentinian I.
XXIV. COINS OF JOVIAN AND HIS SUCCESSORS
TILL THE DEATH OF THEODOSIUS I. THE GREAT.
Under Jovian, the successor of Julian the Apostate, in
spite of a few coins bearing Pagan types with the legend
VOTA PVBLICA (Cohen, "MeU Imp./' Nos. 2232),
and which continue to circulate during the reigns of
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. 41
Valentinian I., Valens, and Gratian, Christian emblems
again reappear, and the labarum terminating in a cross
with the monogram % or the simple labarum occur upon
the coins (Cohen, Nos. 17, 21). 116
Under Yalentinian I. the ordinary type is that of the
Emperor carrying the labarum adorned either with the
monogram >g [British Museum, PI. V. No. 1], or the
plain X- The most notable re introduction is that of
the form -f which is generally carried at the top of the
sceptre held by the Emperor (Cohen, No. 20), but it
sometimes occurs in the fald of the coin (Cohen, No. 25).
Similar emblems occur on the coins during the reigns of
his brother Valens, of the usurper Procopius, of his son
Gratian, who issued pieces of all three metals with the
legend GLORIA NOVI SAECVLI, and Valenti-
nian II., 117 and of Theodosius I. the Great.
The coins, both gold and brass, of Aelia Flaccilla, the
wife of Theodosius I., who was much esteemed for her
piety, also exhibit interesting Christian emblems (the ,
-f. and tgj), among the most striking of which is the type
of Victory seated inscribing on a shield the >R (British
Museum, PI. V. No. 2), a reverse that occurs frequently
116 Sabatier (" Mon. Byz.," vol. i. pp. 84, 58) speaks of a
coin of Jovian, on which he carries the globe cruciger, as struck
at Ravenna (cf. Martigny, " Diet, des Antiq. Chret.," p. 460).
I have already pointed out ("Num. Chron.," N.S., vol. i. p.
181, vol. ii. pp. 60, 253 ; " Handbook of Rom. Num.," p. 159)
that Ravenna was not established as a mint till the reign of
Honorius. Cf. Cohen, " Med. Imp.," vol. vi. p. 386, note.
117 In the exergue of some silver coins of Valens (Cohen,
No. 59), of Gratian (Nos. 41, 42), and of Valentinian II. (No.
27), may be found T )j^ 6. A quinarius with the helmeted
bust of Rome or Constantinople, and on the reverse X within
a wreath, and in the exergue TR. (Treviris), in the collection
of M. Espine, is attributed by Cohen (" Suppl.," p. 383) to
the time of Valentinian II.
VOL. XVIII. N.S. G
42 NUMISMATIC CHHONIC1.K.
afterwards on the coins of other Empresses, whilst the
coins of Magnus Maximus, usurper in Britain and Gaul,
and of his son Victor (BONO REIPVBLICAE NATI) 118
and of Eugenius, usurper in Gaul, show more or less the
same symbols.
XXV. COINS OF THE EMPERORS, ETC., FROM THE
DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE UNDER THEODOSIUS I.
TO THE END OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE, AND
FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE EASTERN
EMPIRE TO THE TIME OF LEONTIUS.
After the defeat of Theodosius I. the Empire was
divided between his two sons Arcadius and Honor ius, 119
118 After Theodosius had defeated Maximus, and after his
arrival in Rome, "a new and strange star" is said to have
been seen in the sky, according to the statement of Pm'los-
torgius (" Hist. Eccles.," x. c. 9 ; cf. xi. c. 7), who gives many
wonderful details about it ; but both Socrates (" Hist. Eccles.,"
v. c. 14) and Sozomen (" Hist. Eccles.," vii. c. 15) are silent
on this point. The statement, however, is of no authority.
Cf. XXII., note 114.
119 The late Abbe Cavedoni has published ("Rev. Num.,"
1857, p. 309, PL VIII.) some brass medals issued during the
reign of Honorius, bearing, in most cases, a representation of
the head of Alexander, but in one case that of Honorius, and
having on the reverse an ass suckling her young, sometimes
accompanied by the legend D. N. IHV. (sic) XPS DEI
FILIVS, or IOVIS FILIVS, or ASINA, or, as on a large
medallion of the contorniate class, the monogram ^. The
effigy of Alexander the Great seems to have been considered
with the idea of " protection," and St. John Chrysostom
reproached (" Opera," vol. ii. p. 243) certain bad Christians of
his time for wearing as amulets medals of bronze with the
head of Alexander the Macedonian (vo^tV/xara ^aX/ca 'AAeavc>pov
rov MctKeSovos TCUS /ce0aXats /ecu rots 7ro<ri Trepi^eoyxowTan/).
These medals were, in the opinion of Eckhel (" Doct. Num.
Vet.," vol. viii. p. 173), symbolic representations made by the
Christians ; but Tanini appears to have thought that they were
satirical pieces fabricated by the pagans, to turn into derision
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANT1NE I. 43
the former taking the Eastern, the latter the Western
provinces. CON OB for the Eastern, and CO MOB for
the Western, became the adopted exergual mint-marks ; the
latter with the slight distinction of IVI for N, so as to
resemble CON OB and yet to designate the Western
mints, and almost always accompanied by letters in the
field; the former never. 120
About this time the type of Victory holding a globe
surmounted by a cross was introduced (Sabatier, ^ Mon.
Byz." ARCADIUS, vol. i. p. 404; Cohen, "Med. Imp."
HONORIUS, No. 24), and the Greek Cross may be seen on
the exagia solidi of Arcadius, Honorius, and Theodosius II.
(Sab. "Mon. Byz./' PL III. No. 9; Cohen, "MeU Imp.,"
No. 6; British Museum, PL Y. No. 3).
The coins of the Western Empire will first claim our
attention.
A. The West. A remarkable gold coin of the Emperor
Honorius, in the collection of Dr. John Evans (PL V.
No. 4), to which I have in another section alluded, 121
represents him, crowned by a hand from heaven, holding a
spear surmounted by -P on the head of an animal which
appears like a lion with a serpent's or a dragon's tail.
On certain gold coins of JElia Galla Placidia, wife of
Constantius III., colleague of Honorius for a few months,
the >^ or a cross appears on her right shoulder, whilst
the >f^ is within a wreath on the reverse (cf. Cohen,
"Me"d. Imp.," Nos. 116; British Museum, PL Y.
the name of Christian ; whilst Cavedoni is of opinion that "they
are the works of certain evil Christians, or the Gnostics, or
Basilidians, who employed these pieces as ' pierres astriferes ' to
circulate among the people their false and detestable doctrines."
120 F. W. Madden, " On the Coins of Theodosius I. and II.,"
in the " Num. Chron.," N.S., 1861, vol. i. p. 176.
121 X., " Coins of Constantino I. and Constantine II."
44 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
No. 5), and the hand from heaven crowning the Empress
is introduced (Cohen, Nos. 2, 10, 11), as had also been
the case on the coins of Eudoxia in the East.
The usurper Priscus Attalus seems to have dropped
Christian emblems, and Rome having been sacked by
Alaric who placed him on his throne, he dared to strike
silver medallions twice the size of a five-shilling piece,
and gold and silver coins, with the presumptuous legend
INVICTA ROMA AETERNA (Cohen, Nos. 1, 3 5).
The usual emblems occur on the coins of John, proclaimed
Emperor in 423.
Valentinian III. appears to have been the first to wear
the cross on his diadem, if the gold medallion is genuine
(Cohen, No. 1 from Banduri), and holding a cross and a
globe on which a Victory ; and on others of his coins
changes the ordinary captive trampled under foot to a
human-headed serpent m (Cohen, No. 11 ; British Museum,
PI. Y. No. 6). The type of the Emperor holding the
mappa or wlumen and a long cross was introduced.
Gold coins of his sister Justa Grata Honoria have the
legend BONO REIPVBLICAEandthe usual Christian
emblems. His wife Licinia Eudoxia also bore the cross
on her diadem on her coins struck in Italy (Cohen, No. 1 ;
British Museum, PI. V. No. 7).
I may here mention that other coins have been attri-
buted to this Empress by the late Mr. de Salis, 123 having
on the obverse the legend AEL. EVDOXIA AVG
(1) The coin with legend IMP. XXXXII. COS. XVII
P. P. given by Sabatier 124 to Eudoxia, wife of Theodo-
22 X., " Coins of Constantino I. and Constantine II."
123 "Num. Chron.," N.S., 1867, vol. vii. p. 203, PI. VII.,
Nos. 10 and 14 ; PI. VIII. No. 1. See under B. The East.
1:1 "Mon. Pyz.," vol. i. p. 121, No. 7 ; PI. VI. No. 1.
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. 45
sitis II.; (2) The coin with VICTORIA AVGG.
unpublished by Cohen and Sabatier, but mentioned by me
in my description of the Blacas collection ; 125 and (3) the
coin with SALVS ORIENTIS FELICITAS OCCI-
DENTIS (Cab. des Mdd., Paris, PI. Y. No. 8) given by
Sabatier 126 to Eudoxia, wife of Arcadius. The type of
this coin is the Jf> surrounded by a circle. Sabatier
considered that the legend of this rare piece alluded to
the division of the Empire, and that it might be com-
pared with the coin of Arcadius with the legend NOVA
SPES REIPVBLICAE. Mr. de Salis, on the contrary,
was of opinion that this legend could only apply to
Eudoxia the younger, and must have been struck on the
occasion of her marriage with Valentinian III. on the 29th
of October, 437. Headds, "she was SALVS ORIENTIS
as well as FELICITAS OCC I DENTIS, because Theo-
dosius II. had no son, and the Eastern Empire seemed
likely, as well as the Western, to become the inheritance
of his elder daughter's issue. FELICITAS OCCIDEN
TIS on the coins of the elder Eudoxia, would have
been a silly piece of impertinence to Honorius, who had
married in 398 Maria, the elder daughter of Stilicho.
Maria lived till 407, while all the coins of Eudoxia
the elder must have been issued between 400 and
404."
The usual types may be found on the coins of Petro-
nius Maximus, Avitus, Majorian, Anthemius (on one of
whose coins may be seen a tablet surmounted by a cross
on which is the word PAX Cohen, No. 9) and his wife,
Euf emia notably the type of the Emperor placing his foot
129 "Num. Chron.," N.S., 1868, vol. viii. p. 45.
13fi " Mon. Byz.," vol. i. p. 110, No. 2 ; PL IV. No. 25.
46 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
upon a human -headed serpent 127 but on the accession of
Olybrius, he dared to introduce the legend SALVS
IY1VNDI, engraving on his coins a large cross (British
Museum, PL V. No. 9), though only enjoying a reign of
about three months. The coins of Glycerius, Julius
Nepos, and lastly Romulus Augustus, the last Emperor
of the Western Empire, offer only the ordinary symbols
(British Museum, PL V. No. 10).
B. The East. Under Arcadius, 128 as I have already
pointed out, the type of Victory holding a globe sur-
mounted by a cross was introduced. Coins with the
legend NOVA SPES REIPVBLICAE (British Museum,
PL V. No. 11), and the type of Victory writing on a
shield were struck (Sab. No. 17), matching the coins of
his wife, Eudoxia, with the legend SALVS Rl-
PVBLICAE sic (British Museum, PL V. No. 12), and
Victory inscribing on a shield the >fc (Sab., No. 3), a type
that had already been in vogue at the time of her mother-
in-law, Flaccilla. The question of the attribution of the
coins bearing the name of Eudoxia as I have already
partly shown under A. The West was for a long time
127 X., " Coins of Constantine I. and Constantine II."
128 The Padre Garrucci has called my attention to two
remarkable brass coins of Arcadius, published by the Cav.
Biraghi in his work entitled, "I tre Sepolcri Santambrogiani,"
p. 27, Milan, 1864, of which the following is a description
(1) Obv. D. IM. ARCADIVS P. F. AVG. Bust to right;
above f-. Rev. SPES PVBLICA. Emperor standing;
above -f ; in field to left XII. and -. (2) Obv.D. IM.
ARCADIVS P. F. AVG. Bust to right; above A f, UJ.
Rev. SALVS PVBLICA. Half figure from heaven crown-
ing the Emperor ; in the field to left Jp ; in the exergue ARP.
[? TRP.] These coins are not mentioned by Sabatier, and no
specimens are in the British Museum. They are rather sus-
picious, and the ARP. cannot mean Aries, these letters as a
mint-mark ceasing under Constantius II.
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. 47
involved in great obscurity till set at rest by the late Mr.
de Salis, 129 and many coins bearing the name of E V D O X I A
with the >&, given by Sabatier to the wife of Theo-
dosius II., are now attributed to the wife of Arcadius.
Theodosius II. issued coins with the legend GLORIA
OR VIS (sic) TERRAR., representing himself holding
the labarum and a globe cruciger, and all the coins with
the name EVDOCIA (Athenais) belong to the wife of
this Emperor (British Museum, PL Y. No. 13).
In 451 Marcian was proclaimed Emperor, owing to
the influence of Pulcheria, the sister of Theodosius II.,
whom he married, and who was at this time about fifty
years of age. A gold coin was struck by Marcian to
commemorate this event, bearing the legend FELICITER
IMPBTIIS (sic), representing Marcian and Pulcheria, both
with the nimbus, standing, joining hands ; in the midst,
Christ standing with the nimbus cruciger, placing one
hand on each of their shoulders (PL V. No. 14). This
piece, which is one of the most interesting examples of
Christian numismatics, is preserved in the Hunter
Museum, Glasgow, and I am indebted to Prof. Young,
M.D., the Curator of the Museum, for an impression.
The legend recalls the words of Juvenal : 13
" Signatae tabulae, diotom/tflictor, ingens
Ccena sedet, gremio jacuit nova nupta mariti."
A somewhat similar type, though treated in a pagan
manner, occurs on the brass coins of Julia Paula, wife of
Elagabalus, with the legend, CONCORDIA AETERNA
(Cohen, Nos. 18, 19). The coins of Pulcheria have the
same types as those of the other Empresses.
m Num. Chron.," N.S., 1867, vol. vii. p. 203.
130 " Sat." ii. 119 ; Eckhel, " Doct. Num. Vet.," vol. viii.
p. 192.
48 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Some coins of Leo I. show the 4> in the field (Sab.,
PI. VI. No. 24), and represent him holding the mappa
and long cross (No. 19), as on the coins of Yalenti-
nian III. above mentioned ; but the type of the coins of
his wife Yerina, as well as those of Leo II. and Zeno
(with the exception of the brass pieces of the latter with
IN VICTA ROMA and S. C., Senatus consulto), his wife
Ariadne, of Basiliscus, his wife Zenonis, and son Marcus,
and of Leontius, do not exhibit any novelty of type.
FREDERIC W. MADDEN.
*.
( To be continued. )
II.
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE : FROM THE
FALL OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE TILL THE
ACCESSION OF CHARLEMAGNE.
1. THE BARBARIAN IMITATIONS.
MUCH careful research has been expended upon one
branch of the economic history of Europe in the Middle
Ages ; upon that branch namely which includes all
questions touching the distribution of land. But up to
the present time almost no attention has been given to
the kindred subject of the currency of Middle Age Europe.
Of this neglect the blame must lie chiefly at the door of
numismatic study; for a more extensive knowledge of
mediaeval coinages is a necessary preliminary to a know-
ledge of mediaeval finance. Yet so small is the interest
which mediaeval numismatics at present excites, that look-
ing through the later volumes of the Chronicle, which may
be considered to contain the results of English numismatic
research during the last ten years, I find, exclusive of
the papers upon English money, but two others which
treat of Middle Age numismatics. This neglect is not
owing to the unimportance or unattractiveness of the
subject itself, but rather, as I imagine, to a too narrow
and partial estimate of the value of numismatic science.
The Greek and Roman branches of the study have stamped
VOL. XVIII. N.S. H
50 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
their character upon others which do in fact require to
be dealt with in quite a different fashion. Mediaeval
coins, not like the classical, specially remarkable for the
history which each piece bears upon its face, should be
treated rather comparatively than individually ; should be
interrogated for the information which they have to give
concerning the imitation by one country of the coinage of
another, the comparison of their weights as telling upon
the question of exchange, and upon many other points of
a like kind. All these qualities will be overlooked if we
care for individual peculiarities, for the acquisition of
rarities, and the ambition of an amateur alone. Add to
this fault the confinement of view which, though it has
been reformed in a great measure, still taints our study of
history and taints still more our study of coins. Till
within recent years three ordained branches of historical
knowledge were recognised as, so to say, " generally
necessary " to the formation of a sound scholar, that is to
say the history of Greece, the history of Rome, and the
history of England. A man might obtain fresh means of
grace by excursus into the annals of other European
countries, especially into those of France ; but the study
was made as much as possible continuous and separate,
and the country was severed as much as possible from
connection with its neighbours.
It is unnecessary to point out how much history suffers
if treated in this way. How inexplicable and meaningless
appear the civilisations of the Greeks and the Romans
when taken without reference to their neighbouring
nations the Egyptians, the Phoenicians, the Etruscans
to each other or to the stock from which they sprang ; how
their deeds of arms lose half their significance unless we
know something of the previous history and then existing
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 51
power of Persia and of Carthage. The disadvantage of
this isolated method of study is even more conspicuous
when we come to the history of Europe during the period
which immediately follows the dissolution of the Roman
Empire. Then we are dealing not so much with countries
as with races. The new barbarians who are now making
their first appearance upon the stage of history are, as it
were, in a nebulous condition, without fixed homes and
separate nationalities or centres of social life ; and to
confine our thoughts within territorial limits determined
by long subsequent wars and treaties is nothing less than
disastrous. I would therefore fain permit the title of
mediaeval numismatics only to such a study of coins as
should help to illustrate the relationship of different coun-
tries of Europe during the Middle Ages ; and when such a
study has gained a firmer place among us, it will I venture
to think be prolific of results touching the economical
history of the time.
One of the first rules therefore which we must make is
that our study should be synoptical as to territories, and
that it should follow the division of epochs, rather than that
of countries. And when we have arranged our coins in
such a way we shall find that many changes which, so
long as we were engaged upon the coinage of one country
only, appeared startling and sudden, become natural and
explicable enough when we have extended our inquiry
throughout Europe. So that in the case of numismatics
as of other studies, the effect of a more scientific method
will be the substitution of a harmonious and natural
development for the arbitrary creation of new types.
Pursuing this wider and more European treatment of
the subject, we find that as with the history, so with
the coinage of the Middle Ages, there are certain epochs
52 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
which stand out with strongly marked characteristics and
serve as the breaks upon our stage of progress. Such an
epoch is made by the introduction of the silver denarius
by the family of Charles the Great, and the substitu-
tion of a currency almost exclusively of silver for the
gold coinage which had preceded it. If we desire a
precise date for this change we may take the year 781,
on wh'ch we find a decree of Charles ordering that the
new penny (denarius) shall be current throughout the
Prankish kingdom ; albeit the substitution of this new
coinage had begun before the accession of Charles. The
period between the first issue of coins by the barbarian
invaders of the Roman Empire and this date, 781, forms a
definite and marked era in the history of European
coinage ; though it is not the less essentially a period of
transition. It is this period which I have chosen as the
subject of my inquiries. It corresponds historically with
the transition from Roman to Middle Age Europe; to
the time, that is, which lies between the accession of
Honorius in 395 and the crowning of Charles as Emperor,
an event which we know took place at Christmastide of
the year 800.
All this time of transition is one of constant conflict and
of constant change. The new German blood which has
been infused into the languid pulse of the old German
civilisation, for a time runs riot there, and only through
the slow course of years do we learn to recognise the
signs of a new birth in what seem like the pangs of a
general dissolution. The characteristics of this phase of
history are in many ways reproduced in the coinage of
the time. We shall pass through the various stages of a
degradation more or less rapid of the Eoman money, until
we finally pause before the general reconstruction which
accompanies the rise of the Karling dynasty. Even in
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 53
this period of transition we shall be able to divide our
subject into smaller periods. The first is that of a coinage
of pure imitation, only distinguishable from the imperial
money by the barbarous character of its work. This
barbarous imitative currency belongs most particularly to
the latter half of the fifth and the first half of the sixth
century. The second division comprises the coins of the
Vandals of Africa and the Ostrogoths in Italy, both of
which emerge from the imitative stage before the end of
the fifth century, and have many points of mutual resem-
blance and of distinction from the coinage of the other
barbarian people. The third includes the currency of the
Merovingians, of the Visigoths, and of the Lombards. The
fourth introduces us to the beginnings of a silver coinage in
our own country, and traces the influences which led to the
rise of such a coinage under the second Frankish race and the
gradual disappearance of gold money from western Europe.
At the death of Theodosius the Great in 395, the sole
coinage of Europe was that which issued from the imperial
mints. Rome, Siscia, Aquileia, Lyons, Aries, and Treves
are the six mints of the Western Empire enumerated in the
Notitia Imperil ; 1 but to these we must add the short-lived
mint of Sirmium and the revived mint of Milan. 2 Treves 3
was presently abandoned, and Ravenna and Narbonne
came into use. The mint was under a strict regulation,
governed by an officer appointed from the central govern-
ment, and all its internal constitution was settled with
the most scrupulous care. Throughout the days of the
Roman Empire the moneyers had formed an hereditary
class or family the familia monetalis composed of
1 Cap. X. ed. Booking. 2 From the evidence of coins.
3 The money with the mint-mark of Treves and the name of
Arcadius may have been struck in the reign of Theodosius at a
time when Arcadius was in command of the German army.
54 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
freedmen and slaves ; under the lower Empire they were
chosen from the class of fiscal serfs, who were not
allowed to intermarry save with one another. This was
the coinage of the world, and no doubt passed current
among people not subject to the Roman dominion, as in
the time of Tacitus the Roman silver money had passed
current among the Germans. 4 We may, however, fairly
conclude that this element of culture spread only a little
way beyond the borders of the Empire. As late as the
time of Charlemagne we find the Saxons in the heart of
Germany almost unacquainted with the uses of a coinage.
Even the tribute which they paid to the Frank kings up
to the time of Dagobert I. was not discharged in money,
but consisted of five hundred head of cattle ; and yet, as we
shall presently see, one of the first uses to which money
was put among the Teuton barbarians was for the payment
of taxes and tributes.
If we go to the lower Danube, to the Goths to whom
Ulfilas had been preaching not long before this time (circ.
340 388), we have every reason to suspect that their
wealth, too, was estimated only in their flocks and herds.
For we find in Ulfilas' translation of the Bible the words
for money always rendered byjaiku (cattle) ; from which
we may conclude that these Goths were ignorant of the
uses of a coinage. With people such as these, outside the
penumbra of Roman civilisation, barter was doubtless
the only means of exchange. But they were not
devoid of laws ; and among the most important provisions
4 What Tacitus tells us concerning the Germans that they
preferred silver to gold, and of silver the old consular coins
(" serratos bigatosque ") as being old and well-known, is con-
firmed in a remarkable way by the finds east of the Khine and
north of the Danube. (Mommsen, " Hist, de la mon. rom."
-Blacas tr., torn. 3.)
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 55
in the laws of the Teutonic peoples have been those which
regulated the mulcts or fines payable for any offence. So,
when such payments had to be recognised officially it was
necessary that some object of exchange should be fixed
upon as the standard of valuation ; and it is obvious that
such an official recognition of one particular commodity
gives it a distinct character as a standard of value, and so
prepares the way for a coinage. In almost all countries
we find that cattle has been the first object chosen to
represent money ; a fact which is sufficiently indicated by
the etymology of such words as have come to stand for
this general idea money or for the name of some par-
ticular coin. The English fee, like the Latin pecunia,
originally meant cattle ; so did in all probability sceat?
the old English coin denomination. I have already shown
how long this " cattle-money " existed among the conti-
nental Saxons ; among those of our own country we find
it in use until the propagation of Ine's laws (circ. 693),
in which a regulated sequence of fines is given estimated
in the cattle payment, or as it was called "nowt-geld."
But as the valuations here recorded were not subjected to
subsequent alteration, we may conclude that the nowt-geld
soon after Ine's time was disused. In Scotland, on the
contrary, these cattle-payments continued into the reign
of David I. (1124 1153). 6
Yet none of these barbarian peoples were ignorant of
gold and silver, and in their personal ornaments they
possessed a better, because less mutable, substitute for a
regular coinage. The ring the collar or armlet which
5 0. G. scaz (schatz), A.-S. sceat, Goth, shafts, Scand. skatt,
"money," are allied to the Irish scath, "herd"; Slav, skotu,
skotina, " cattle."
6 Cochran-Patrick, " Annals of the Coinage of Scotland,"
Preface, p. cv.
56 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
was used both by the Celts and Teutons, was among all
their personal possessions the most important and the
most prized. It was a mark of nobility among the
German races by some considered the origin of our
coronets and had even about it a quasi- religious character
in memory of the " holy beag" (holy ring), the oath upon
which was tantamount to the oath upon Thorr's hammer.
Just &afeok (cattle) has given us the word fee, the Saxon
bedy. or bedh (Norse baugr) has left the same word for a
fine in the laws of Ethelberht ; while batz, the name of a
Swiss coin current within recent years, seems to have
meant originally a link or pendant of a chain. 7
All these facts seem to point to the conclusion that the
rings had some sort of legally recognised value before the
introduction of a coinage among the Teutonic people.
But what chiefly serves to convince me of this is the
frequent mention of rings in connection with fines, &c., in
the Eddie songs, 8 and the honorary name for princes, the
"ring breakers" (i.e. the magnificent), which we meet
with there (baug-brota, Helgakvr8a Hund., 17, hring-brota
id 44). In the English " Traveller's Tale " the bard says,
" He gave me a ring (beag) on which were scored six
hundred sceats of beaten gold reckoned in skillings " ; 9
7 E. W. Robertson, "Historical Essays."
8 Volundarskvr8a, 7, 8, 11. HelgakvrSa Hiorv. 6, 11.
Helgakv. Hundingsbane, 11, 17, 44, 54. I take the allusions
designedly from the heroic portion of the Edda, because these
songs seem to belong to a later period than those of the mytho-
logical section, and also because some of them show clear
reminiscences of the fifth century. The use of ring money
among the Celts (e.g. the Britons, Caes. B.C., v. 12) has often
been made the subject of discussion, but scarcely affects the
present question.
Paer me Gotena cyning " There me the Goth king
9 ((
beag forgeaf .... a collar gave
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 57
and this would seem to imply a custom of having the
ornaments marked as possessing a given value, a custom
which would very likely be kept up after the use of coins
had come into vogue. If, too, as would appear from the
expressions hring-brota, baug-brota, it was customary to
divide these payment rings in much the same way that
in later times it was rather the thing for a young gallant
to twist off a few links of his chain to discharge a tavern
bill this would account for the expression in skillings
reckoned, which we may render etymologically in cuttings
of divisions reckoned 10 ; so that the skilling or cutting,
which was only a money of account when a coinage was
introduced, had in former times probably been a recog-
nised division of one of the payment beayas. The use of
these rings was no doubt the reason why the nations of
Germany, of Scandinavia, and of England, when they
adopted a coinage which they all got directly or indirectly
from Rome, did not altogether borrow with it the Roman
weight system, but had already a standard of their own,
to which the new money had to adapt itself. The mark
or mork was the distinctive weight among all the Teutonic
peoples. With this in Scandinavia went the eyrir (pi.
aurar) or ore, eight of which made one mark ; both of
these names surviving upon coins of the present day.
Two gold rings, discovered in Norway in 1860, which
were of the weight of three aurar, and belonged probably
to a short time before the introduction iof a regular coin-
age into that country, bore on one end of each a stamp of
On )7am siex hand waes On which six hundred were
Smaetes goldes Of smithied gold
Gescyred sceatta Sceats scored
Skilling-rime. In skillings reckoned. L. 179,
10 Ice!., at skilja, "to cut."
VOL. XVIII. N.S. I
58 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
three small circles, betokening doubtless their weight. 11
I have spoken just now of the "holy beag" which
equalled in sanctity the holy hammer of Thorr. This
ring was the ring Draupnir, one of the possessions of
Odhinn, concerning which it is related that it dropped
every ninth night eight rings of equal value ; in which
last number I am disposed to recognise an allusion to the
eight aurar which made up the mark, the highest weight
among the Norsemen.
With regard to those countries in which there was a
currency we find that soon after the accession of Honorius
the Western Empire possessed three mints in the south of
Gaul, viz. : Aries (Prima Viennensis), Lyons (Prima Lug-
dunensis), andNarbonne (Prima Narbonensis), the mint of
Treves having been pretty well abandoned. This money
no doubt passed current over the whole of Gaul, Spain,
and Africa, and even beyond the limits of the Imperial
domains ; but as during the ensuing century the Western
Empire continued to decline in position and wealth the
coinage of the East began to be much received in the
north of Gaul, while the south of Gaul, Africa, and Spain
adhered to the money of the West. About the beginning
of the fifth century began the irruptions of those various
nations of Teutonic 12 race, whose final establishment in
11 C. J. Schive in "Num. Chron.," 1871. See also Grote,
Miinzstudien, No. vii. 1 ; Holmboe, Miinzwesen Norwegens in
Z. f. N., vi. 66.
12 Teutonic and Slavonian, one should perhaps rather say.
Dr. Latham (" Germania " passim, and " Nationalities of
Europe") maintains that the invading hordes of barbarians
were chiefly composed of Slavs ; but his arguments do not
seem to me supported by sufficient evidence. For even where
the name of a nation seems to suggest a Slavic origin, the names
of such individuals belonging to it as have come down to us are
nearly always pure Teuton. Thus Wend (Vandal) is, it is true,
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 59
different lands which once owned the sway of Rome
ushered in the new era of history which we call mediseval.
If, as is undoubtedly the case, the essential division be-
tween the modern and the classical eras of European
history is made by the introduction of Christianity, it is
equally true that so far as regards mere external and
political considerations the most distinguishing feature of
the change is the rise in influence of the Teutonic and the
decline of the Roman people, and for the beginning of
this change we may best take the commencement of the
fifth century.
The shocks which upon all sides were given to the
fabric of Roman Empire were sudden and violent. Theo-
dosius the Great died in 395, and following upon that
event came the partition of the Empire between his two
sons, Arcadius and Honorius. In the same year, 395,
occurred the revolt of the Visigoths of Msesia under
Alaric. Abandoning their homes in Msesia and Dacia
they marched into the heart of Greece, took one by one
Athens, Corinth, Sparta, Argos, and seemed to be in secure
possession of the whole country. But the armies of the
a name which has always been bestowed by the German people
on their Slavonic neighbours. But, on the other hand, the
names of the Vandal kings have all a Gothic form. The termi-
nation rik (or riks), for instance, is pure Gothic r/cnsarik =
gans-rik (gans probably meaning a plume, but literally a goose,
old H. Germ., kans [anser] ; but Kuss., yus ; Polish, ges
without the n; see Grimm, " Gesch. der d. Sp.," ed. 1848,
vol. i., p. 478); hilda-rik, "king of battles," &c. So, too,
ntund, " guard," is Gothic ; gunthamund (from gunths, " fight ; "
mu-nd, " guard"), &c. Now the name of individuals is a better
test of nationality than that of nations, because the former is
generally bestowed by those most nearly related to the recipient,
but the latter often ab extra. It would be no more safe to
assume a constant signification for Wend than for Wahch
(Welsh), which with one Teutonic race means the Italians, with
another the Britons.
60 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Western Empire under Stilicho came to reinforce those of
the East, and Alaric, placed upon the defensive, found
himself obliged to retreat to the mountains of Pholoe in
Elis ; and there his camp was blockaded by the Romans.
Through the vigour of their king the Goths succeeded in
breaking the lines of Stilicho, and in escaping by the
isthmus of Corinth to Epirus ; and here Alaric concluded
a treaty with the court of Constantinople. The stream,
however, was only diverted from the East to fall with
greater fury upon the West, which had drawn upon itself
the vengeance of the barbarians. In 400 began Alaric's
first invasion of Italy, of which we know none of the details
save his defeat by Stilicho at the battle of Pollentia, and
his second defeat under the walls of Yerona. The dis-
grace and death of Stilicho prepared the way for a more
successful attempt on the part of the Goths, and the
second invasion of Italy began in 408, and for the first
time since the days of Hannibal a foreign army appeared
beneath the walls of Rome. Alaric returned without
reducing the capital, but the second siege of Rome, the
elevation of Attalus, his almost immediate degradation,
the third siege and sack of the Imperial city served osten-
tatiously to show the world how low her power had fallen.
Meantime other portions of the Empire were not more
fortunate than Italy. In 405-6 the united hordes of the
Suevi, the Vandals, the Alani, and the Burgundians
entered Gaul never again to retreat beyond the Rhine,
and this event may be considered the downfall of the
Roman power beyond the Alps. The Burgundians re-
mained in the eastern portion of Gaul, establishing in
about fifteen years their kingdom over the region which
in later times formed the dukedom of Burgundy, and over
a great part of what is now Switzerland ; but the Suevi,
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 61
the Vandals, and the Alani passed on into Spain, and for
a long time disputed different portions of this country
with each other, with the more courageous of the native
inhabitants, and with such of the Roman legionaries as
still remained. In 411 Alaric died, and his brother-in-law
Adolphus or Astolf, abandoning the dream of a Gothic
kingdom in Italy, preferred by his marriage with Placidia,
the sister of Honorius, to ally himself with the Imperial
family and to accept as a gift a kingdom in Aquitania and
Narbonensis. But in 415 he was tempted to cross over
the Pyrenees into Spain, and was assassinated there ; and
the Goths, alternately affecting and disowning an allegi-
ance to Honorius, continued for some time (under Wallia)
to wage a doubtful war with the other barbarians of the
Peninsula, but eventually added the greater part of it to
their former kingdom in southern Gaul. Lastly, we must
not omit to notice that about the same time that the
Burgundians established their kingdom in eastern Gaul,
the Franks having passed the Rhine made their first
permanent settlements in the north, and established a
kingdom there in the country of the Oise, the Meuse, and
the Scheldt, whereof the capital was Soissons.
These events follow one another with such rapidity, and
extend over so wide an area, that it is almost impossible
to bear them at once in mind or to realise the changes
which they effected in the map of Europe. Let us there-
fore pause a moment and at the risk of repetition ob-
serve the course which these different barbarian nations
had taken by about the middle of the fifth century.
Three distinct streams must be noticed. 1. The Visi-
goths, leaving Illyricum and marching first northward
crossed the Julian Alps, entered Italy, thrice besieged,
and finally took Rome, and pressed on to the very
62 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
south of the Peninsula. But from thence they turned
to Gaul, traversed the southern portions of Narbonensis
and Aquitania, crossed the Pyrenees and defeated the
Suevi, Alani, and Vandals in Spain. For a while they
returned to Gaul, but eventually fixed their kingdom in
Spain, and in a small portion of Gaul lying north and
east of the Pyrenees. 2. The united bands of the Bur-
gundians, Suevi, Alani, and Vandals invaded Italy under
the banner of Radagaisus, were totally defeated by Stilicho
and for awhile retired to recruit their strength in the
fastnesses of the Hercynian forest. Then in the depth of
the winter of 405 they crossed the upper Rhine and
entered Gaul. Of the four nations the Burgundians alone
remained to take possession of their conquests in this
country. The other three passed on into Spain. There
the Suevi and Alani remained until they were dispersed
and almost exterminated by the Visigoths ; but in 430
the Vandals, under Genseric, and at the invitation of Count
Boniface, crossed the Pillars of Hercules, and drove the
Romans out of their seven provinces in northern Africa.
These they erected into a Vandal kingdom. 3. The Franks
in 420 crossed the lower Rhine, and made sure their
footing in the Belgic province. Here under their family of
Merovingians or Meerwigs which some interpret to mean
sea-warriors 13 they established a hereditary monarchy.
It was not until 481 under Clovis or Hludwig that the
Franks began to make their influence felt far beyond the
limits of their distant country. Their doings at this later
time belong to the second age of Teutonic invasion, an
13 Witj is in Frankish " a warrior " ; meer-iciy, " sea warrior "
(?) ; hlud-vriy (Clovis, Ludwig, Lewis), " famous " (cf. Gk.
K\UTOS), " warrior." The ch in Prankish takes the place of the
Gothic A, as Childerio=Aife2a-rtfc, " king of battles." Grimm.
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 63
era which is separated by about a century from the first
irruption of the barbarians, and which is especially
associated with the names of Clovis and Theodoric, the
Ostrogoth.
Before we speak of this second era of invasion, let us
pause and ask ourselves, what is the condition of things
which was likely to arise from the influx into the
Roman provinces of nations in such a state of bar-
barism ? To them clearly money, for the uses to which
it is now put, has no value ; they will be almost in-
capable of understanding how gold and silver can be
made subservient to the gratification of their tastes and
appetites. But that human weakness which, next to the
appetites themselves, is most inveterate in our nature
vanity will here come into action. No people are too
barbarous or too civilised to be above the passion for
display. The precious metals were the one element of
Roman luxury which these invaders could seize upon and
make their own. They had no need of, and no care for,
the real beauties which adorned the life of a rich Roman
citizen, his stately villa, his statues, his baths, his gar-
dens ; but his more portable wealth they seized upon and
cherished as if it held a charm which could convert their
rough life into a life capable of the enjoyments which
they saw and envied, but could not imitate ; for, in
fact, to the barbarians the changes and chances of this
new time of conquest must have afforded an almost deli-
rious excitement. Imagine the Groths, to whom Ulfilas
preached, living a life little different from that which
their Aryan ancestors had lived two thousand years be-
fore, and then, before a generation had passed away, trans-
planted into the midst of the ancient civilisation of Italy
or southern Gaul. The effect of this sudden awakening
64 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
re-awoke the ballad poetry of the Teutonic people ; and
this ballad poetry is more than that of any other nation
profoundly tinctured with an intense greed of gold. The
whole plot of the great German epic, the " Nibelungen-
not," turns upon the possession of a mighty treasure,
whose acquisition is invested with the character of an
almost religious duty, calling for the most heroic sacri-
fices. So, too, in our own poem of " Beowulf " a heroic
life is thought to have reached its consummation in a
like exploit, and Beowulf dies happy when Wiglaf shows
the wealth his prowess has gained " for his people." 14
It is important to bear this in mind, in order to under-
stand the modifications which the coinages underwent at
this period. It shows us how the inroads of the bar-
barians tended in a double way to as we should now
say lock up capital. Of course any time of war and
disturbance has this tendency ; but this time had it in a
peculiar degree, because it threw the wealth into the hands
of those who had nothing else to do with it than to lock it
up that is to say, convert it from the purposes of a cur-
rency to the mere material of personal adornment or into a
hoard of bullion. Gold was especially valued. Gold took a
position very much like that which diamonds take with us;
it was the coveted luxury and sign of wealth, the noble
metal for the use of the freeborn invaders ; silver, the
plebeian and slavish one, was left for their subjects that
14 Ic *bara fraetwa For this treasure I
Frean ealles J7anc Thanks to the Lord for all
Wuldur cyninge To the King of renown
Wordum secge Do now express
J7aes ?>e ic moste That these I might
Minum leodum For my people
Mr swylt daege Ere my death-day
Svvylc gestrynan. Such acquire. L. 5580, sqq.
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 65
is, for the ordinary purposes of a coinage. Thus Godrun
says of Sigurd :
Sva var SigurSr So shone Sigurd
Of sonum Gjuka Above the sons of Giuki
gull gloftrautt As glowing gold
Of gra silfri. Above grey silver.
Thus it was that while gold was hoarded and valued,
while the greater taxes and tributes those which were
not paid in kind were likely to be discharged in gold, for
the ordinary purposes of exchange, the proper use of
money, it was probably less employed than the baser metal.
Up to the time at which we are now arrived the
middle of the fifth century no coins had been struck
in Europe bearing the name of a barbarian ruler. But in
northern, southern, and eastern Gaul, in Spain, and also in
Africa, a coinage would seem to have been begun among the
various nations of the Franks, the Burgundians, the Suevi,
the Visigoths, the Vandals. The coins of this transition era
can only be determined by their style. Whenever a
Roman province is occupied by the barbarians the change
is first marked by the appearance of a coinage which
imitates the old Roman one. For the jealous care which
guarded the secret of the imperial mints would prevent
the new-comers from continuing a coinage like the old,
even were they disposed to do so. It was inevitable that
the nice machinery should be displaced, and the result is
an issue of imitative but less skilfully executed coins
generally the work of some local goldsmith. Probably most
large collections of later Roman aurei contain a number of
these barbarous imitations, which it is not difficult to sepa-
rate from the imperial issues. The difficulty arises when
we try and appropriate them to the various nationalities
VOL. XVIII. N.S. K
66 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
to which they belong. For the coin may owe its charac-
teristic to one of two influences : either it may be the
work of the old moneyers, acting now with much greater
freedom for less critical employers, or it may be the work
of some quite new hands, the old imperial mint having
altogether collapsed. In the first case the coins, though
careless and rude, bear most resemblance to the imperial
issue which preceded them ; in the second case they are
most like those which, at a later time, bear the name and
monogram of a barbarian king. The proper attribution
of these nameless barbarian coins must necessarily be a
matter of the greatest difficulty, depending, in fact, chiefly
upon our knowledge of the circumstances of their discovery,
and it is a task which, I must frankly confess, would be
quite beyond my powers. Fortunately a number of distin-
guished numismatists have employed their talents in solv-
ing these difficulties. In France the labours- of MM. Charles
Lenormant,Petigny,andDuchalais are especially worthy of
mention, and in England those of the late Count de Salis.
The latter, though unfortunately he left behind him few
written memorials of his studies, devoted a very particular
attention to this subject. While making use of the re-
searches of the French numismatists he threw upon them
the additional light which an experience, familiarised with
the examination of large masses of coins, placed at his
disposal, thus founding his opinion as much upon the
style or the provenance of the coins as upon the isolated
indications of particular pieces. In the accompanying
plate, therefore, Count de Salis's separation of the different
classes of imitative coins has been largely followed, some-
times even when I have not been able to ascertain
with certainty the data upon which his conclusions were
founded.
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 67
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1.
No. 1. Suevian. Copied from gold solidua of Valentinian III.
(425455) struck at Ravenna.
No. 2. Suevian. Copied from silver coin of Honorius (395 423)
struck at Milan.
No. 3. Suevian. Copied from silver coin of Jovinus (411 413)
struck at Treves.
No. 4. Burgundian. Copied from gold solidus of Leo I. (457 474)
struck at Ravenna.
No. 5. Burgundian. Copied from silver coin of Valentinian II. (375
392) struck at Treves.
No. 6. Burgundian. Copied from silver coin of Theodosius I. (379
395) struck at Treves.
No. 7. Burgundian. Copied from gold solidus of Anastasius I. (491
518), with monogram of Gondobald (500 516).
No. 8. Burgundian. Small silver coin of Gondobald.
No. 9. Burgundian. Copied from gold solidus of Anastasius I., with
monogram of Sigismund (516523).
No. 10. Burgundian. Copied from gold triens of Justin I. (518 527),
with monogram of Sigismund.
No. 11. Burgundian. Copied from gold triens of Justinian I. (527 665),
monogram of Gondemar II. (524 534).
No. 12. Merovingian. Copied from gold solidus of Anastasius I.
No. 13. Merovingian. Copied from gold solidus of Anastasius I., with
mint- mark S (Soissons).
No. 14. Visigothic. Copied from gold triens of Anastasius I.
No. 15. Visigothic coin of (San) Hermengild (579). [For comparison only.]
No. 16. Vandalic. Copied from gold solidus of Valentinian III.
struck at Rome.
No. 17. Vandalic. Copied from gold solidus of Anastasius I. struck
at Constantinople.
Of the coins given upon the plate, only Nos. 1 6, 13,
14, 16, 17 belong, strictly speaking, to the class of mere
barbarian imitations/ A glance will be sufficient to show
that differences of fabric distinguish the different classes.
At the same time we observe points at which they meet
and seem to run into one another. The distinction, for
instance, between the coins which have been attributed to
the Suevi (1 3) and those which are given to the Bur-
gundians (4 6) is not strongly marked ; but still there
is a difference, and the comparison of the coins (4 6) and
those (7 11) which bear the monograms of Burgundian
kings will serve to justify the attribution. Again, No. 13,
by its mint-mark (Soissons), and by its likeness to the
earlier Meerwig coins, with the names of Frankish sove-
68 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
reigns, is undoubtedly Merovingian, wherefore we may
safely say that No. 12 is so also. A comparison of the
triens No. 14 with the coin of Hermengild (15) shows its
close resemblance in style to the later, the named
Visigothic coinage. Finally, Nos. 16, 17 are attri-
buted, no doubt on account of their provenance, to the
Vandals of Africa. The examination of these last coins
might have been deferred until we came to speak of the
Vandal coinage ; but for the sake of comparison, and
because these pieces belong as much as any others to the
class of imitative coins, and were very probably struck
earlier than the regular Vandal series, they have been
included in the plate.
It is worth noticing that before the time of Justinian
the characteristic type of the Gallic money (the Mero-
vingian, Burgundian, or Visigothic) is that which displays
upon the reverse the Victory in profile, whereas on the
contemporary Italic (Ostrogothic) pieces she is generally
facing. This we shall notice when in the next paper we
come to speak of the Ostrogothic coinage. The rule is by
no means one of universal application, and altogether
ceases to be operative after the accession of Justinian I.
On the whole the distinction is more noticeable in the
smaller gold coins (tremisses) than in the solidi.
The Burgundian coins with the monograms of Gondo-
bald, Sigismund, and Gondemar do not come within the
series of purely imitative coins, nor belong to the century
with which we are now dealing ; but as it was necessary
to place some of these pieces upon the plate for the pur-
pose of comparison, it has been thought better to display
a representative selection. The insignificance of this Bur-
gundian currency, which never quite rises to the height of
what we may call autonomy, precludes it from occupying a
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 69
place as a distinct class alongside the money of the Ostro-
goths, the Vandals, the later Visigoths, the Lombards, and
the Franks ; and as we are going to treat of these last three
classes together, we shall have subjects more than enough
for a representative plate.
It will be seen that most of the coins here given belong
to the end of the fifth or beginning of the sixth century.
When we get farther back the task of dividing the coins
under the different barbarian nations becomes much more
difficult. Sometimes a find may serve to shed light upon
the question. It would appear, for instance, judging from
the find of coins in the tomb of Childeric I., the father of
Clovis that is, the king of the Franks in days when they
were still settled in the country of the Oise, the Maas, and
the Scheldt that the imitative coinage of North Gaul
" was taken from the coinage of Constantinople ; whereas
that of Southern Gaul, Spain, and Africa copied the types
of Aries, Milan, Home, and Ravenna. This continues till
the fall of the Western Empire. Under Zeno the coinage
of continental Europe and Africa becomes exclusively
Byzantine." (De Salis.) Another conclusion at which we
arrive, after an extensive examination of barbarian imita-
tive coins, is that they were as a rule struck in gold, and
that silver coins, such as Nos. 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 on the plate, are
quite exceptional. These coins, in fact, belong to the be-
ginning of the fifth century, and probably to the district
near or beyond the Rhine. All the imitative silver except
No. 2 are taken from coins of Treves ; No. 3 is especially
worthy of notice as being copied from the rare silver coins
of Jovinus, a pretender who, with the support of the
Suevi and the Burgundians, usurped the purple between
411 and 413, but was eventually defeated by Astolf, the
Visigothic king. As, then, these silver coins belong to
70 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the neighbourhood of the Rhine and to the early part of
the fifth century, and as when we come to the later coinages
of continental Europe, we find that the gold coinage gene-
rally stands to the silver in the ratio of not less than ten to
one, we are justified in believing that the barbarians those
of Southern Gaul and Spain at all events so soon as they
had got into the heart of the Roman territories almost
abandoned the use of silver money.
As for the gold imitative coinage there was every
reason why it should last a considerable time. For the
coinage of Rome the gold at any rate had been so long
the sole coinage of the world, that it must have been only
by very slow degrees that people began to conceive the
possibility of an issue bearing any other image and super-
scription than that of Caesar. Procopius 15 gives us very
precise information upon this point. He tells us how in
544 the Frankish kings began to strike gold coins
" bearing their own portrait, not that of the Emperor as
was [heretofore] the [universal] custom. The king of
the Persians indeed used to strike silver money of his
own, but it was not lawful either for him or for any other
barbarian king to make his gold coin with a portrait of
the ruler. For, in fact, this money could not have obtained
currency even amongst the barbarians themselves."
Though the preponderance of the gold coins among
the merely imitative series is sufficiently accounted for by
this fact, we have still remaining the circumstance that
the barbarians did not, as a rule, either make imitative
ailver money or issue it with their own name or mono-
gram ; and that even in coinage of a later date when the
barbarian nations had instituted a gold coinage of their
15 ''Bell. Goth.," iii. 33.
THE COINAGES OF WESTEltN EUROPE. 71
own, silver was minted not at all, 16 or only in very small
quantities. This is the case as we shall see hereafter in
the coinage of the Merovingians, the Visigoths of Spain, and
the Lombards. It is accounted for by what I have said
above touching the general relationship in which these
German invaders stood towards their coinage. They did
not want silver money, nor did they want gold as a
medium of exchange, but solely for the purpose of hoard-
ing it as treasure or of converting it into objects of adorn-
ment. The Teutonic invasions were not, as we are apt to
imagine them, definite conquests and appropriations of
countries, so much as the settling of colonists in new
territories ; and their effect was less felt in the change of
institutions than in the slow undermining of society, the
gradual pauperising of the old inhabitants, the sapping of
all industries, and reversing of all the conditions favourable
to trade. Thus, while industry and commerce in the over-
run districts underwent a steady and rapid decline, the
supply of money would have been much in excess of the
demand but for that strong passion of the barbarians for
the possession of gold. The greater part of the gold
coinage thrown out of the ordinary use of a currency came
in for the purpose of satisfying the greed of the con-
querors ; what was left, the silver and copper, was suf-
ficient for the ordinary uses of exchange ; and as the gold
was wanted, not as money, but as bullion, we need not
be surprised at what we find was the case, that when a
fresh race of moneyers had sprung up under the new
16 Heiss (" Mommies des Wisigoths ") doubts whether these
people ever struck either in silver or copper. " Enfin dans les
douze annees que nous sommes restes en Espagne, malgre tous
nos recherches, il nous a etc impossible de rencontrer une seule
piece d'argent ou de cuivre qui put etre attribute aux Wisi-
gotha" (p. 25).
72 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
conquerors, their skill was very largely called into requi-
sition, and yet almost exclusively upon the more precious
metal. What seems actually to have been the case was
this. Gold was coined at a great number of local centres,
and when struck was used almost solely for the purpose of
paying taxes and tributes. When a certain quantity was
collected the whole was converted into bullion 17 and con-
veyed to the treasury of the suzerain, who only slowly and
gradually dispersed it again, using up some for personal
adornment, and giving some away to his nobles, his leudes,
or his comites, as the case might be. When any man
wished to make purchases there was always a local
moneyer who would reconvert the bullion into coins for
the remuneration, say, of one solidus out of every twenty-
two so it was settled in later times by Pepin. 18 Thus the
whole of the epoch of whose coinage I am writing the
transition period of history from the breaking up of the
Western Empire to the rise of the new Holy Roman
Empire under Charles is in one sense a golden age ;
unfortunately in this sense only. The very exclusiveness
of the gold issue is a symbol of the barbarism into which
the different countries had fallen. C. F. KEARY.
17 In the life of St. Eloi we are told how, when the king's
fiscal wished to pay into the royal treasury the taxes of some
land which had been granted to the saint, he was proceeding
(" ut consuetude erat ") to convert the taxes into bullion, but
was prevented by a miracle which, for three or four days,
stopped the gold from melting. At the end of this time a mes-
senger arrived from St. Eloi claiming the property. (" Vita St.
Elig.," c. xv.) The custom of converting taxes into bullion before
they were paid into the treasury seems to have been first
adopted under the Empire (temp. Valens and Valentinian).
See " Cod. Theod.," Bk. xii. t. 6.
18 XXVIIIth Canon. " De moneta constituimus similiter ut
amplius non habeat in libra pensante nisi xxij solidos, et de
ipsis xxij solidis monetarius habeat solidum unum, et illos alios
denarios domino cujus sunt reddat."
III.
NOTES TOWARDS A METALLIC HISTORY OF
SCOTLAND.
No. II.
THE following medals belong to the fourth group into
which this subject has been already divided ; 1 viz., Medals
of Illustrious Scottish Persons.
It is somewhat surprising that there should be so few
early personal medals belonging to this series. We have
already seen 2 that in the year 1477 James III. presented a
piece to the shrine of St. John the Baptist at Amiens,
which was the work of some unknown artist at the mint
of Berwick, at that time a possession of Scotland. This
piece was perhaps a pattern for a new coinage never put
into circulation, but the fact that it was presented to the
shrine shows that it was regarded more as a medal than
as a coin. That it was the work of a native artist may be
inferred from the mint recorded on it. Yet no other
Scottish medal is known of this period. The first one
which I can notice does not occur till almost at the close
of the fifteenth century. The subject of it, Archbishop
1 See "Num. Chron.," N.S., 1877, Part I., p. 57.
2 Ib., p. 58.
VOL. XVII 1. N.S. L
74 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Schevez, was noted in his time as a great patron of art
and an assiduous collector of MSS. and books.
No. 1. MEDAL OF ARCHBISHOP SCHEVEZ.
This remarkable medal bears the date 1491. It is sup-
posed by Mr. Albert Way to be of Flemish workmanship. 3
Obv. The bust of the Archbishop to the left, wearing the
berretta. Legend, within two circles,
WILHLEL\f S + SCHEVE 3 Cf + AI)EEE +
AECHLEPS.
Rev. The staff of the Archbishop, surmounted by his
arms. First and fourth, three cat-a-mountains
in pale passant ; second and third, a cross voided
in the centre ; therein a mullet of six points ; a
cross crosslet fitchy on the upper limb of the
cross. Legend, within two circles,
c3LEG/yVS * NATVS * & # TOTIYS EE6NI
# SCOTIE # PEIMAS # 1&91
Metal, M. 2&. Size, 8V in. = 80 m -
Artist, unknown. PI. IV. No. 1.
This medal was probably struck on the occasion of the
quarrel between the Archbishops of St. Andrew's and
Glasgow as to the primacy. 4 An original of it was in the
collection of the late Dr. Wellesley, of Oxford, in bronze ;
and another, in silver, was at one time in the cabinet of
M. Sauvageot, of Paris.
No. 2. MEDAL OF DOUBTFUL APPROPRIATION.
The following medal has generally been appropriated to
3 " Catalogue of the Museum of Arch. Inst. at Edin.," 1856
p. 221.
4 J. Robertson's " Statuta EC. Scot.," vol. i. p. cxix., note.
NOTES TOWARDS A METALLIC HISTORY OF SCOTLAND. 75
Mary Stuart. 5 This attribution was first doubted by Mr.
Way, and apparently with good reason. I should be glad
to be favoured with the opinions of the members of this
society who have given any attention to the portraits
and costume of the period with regard to its appropria-
tion. It has been suggested that it may be a medal of
Lady Margaret Douglas ; and any observations either
favouring or opposing this view would be of great value
to those interested in this subject.
Obv. Bust to the waist, wearing a cross suspended from
a rosary : the right hand across the body clasping
a book. Legend, within double circle,
X GOD GEANT PATIENCE IN THAT
I SVFFEE VEANG
Rev.
QVHO
CAN COMPAEE
VITH ME IN GEEIF
I DIE AND DAE
NOCHT SELK
EELIEF
Lea : .'HOVET NOT THE ? QVHOIS JOY
THOV- ART-:.
Two hands clasped between the pellet orna-
ments.
Metal, JR. Size, If* in. = 60* m -
Artist, unknown. PL IV. No. 2.
This medal, as all those of this period, is cast and gene-
rally tooled. No struck specimen is known.
No. 3. MEDAL or GEORGE, FIFTH LORD SETON, AND HIS
WIFE, ISABELLA HAMILTON.
This very fine and rare medal is in the collection of the
8 " Catalogue of Museum of Arch. lust. Edin.," 1856, p. 183.
76 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
British Museum, and also in the Hunterian Cabinet at
Glasgow.
Obv. The initials " Gr. S." (for George Seton) and
"I. H." (for Isabella Hamilton) in monogram,
with a floriated ornament above and beneath.
Legend,
+ NLMO POTEST DVOBVS DOMINIS
SEEVIEB
Rev. A thistle head between three crescents, forming a
trefoil. Legend,
+ VN DICV VNE FOY VN EOI
VNE LOY 1562
Metal, N. M.
Size, (^)=1H in. = 34 m - (#. M.) = ll in. = 31 m -
PL IV. No. 3.
The silver specimen in the Hunter Cabinet is of the
smaller size. It is not known who was the artist of this
medal, which has not been hitherto published. The only
record of it which is known, was brought under my notice
by Dr. Hill Burton, and is in the Record of the Privy
Council of Scotland, lately published.
" Apud Edinburgh sexto Januarii, anno., &c., lxij.
In presence of the Lords of Secrete Counsale, comperit
Michaell Gilbert, burges of Edinburch, and producit ane
pile and ane tursall maid for cunyeing of certane pecis of
gold and silvir the pile havand sunkin thairin foure
lettris, viz. G S I H, linkand within utheris, and the cir-
cumscription thairof berand nemo potest duobus dominis
servire : the tursell havand thre crescentis with ane
thirsell closit within the samin, written about un dieu un
loy une foy un roy une loy togidder with twa punscheow-
nis, the ane berand the saidis letteris of G S I H linkit as
said is, and the uther berand crescentis and thirsell
inclosit as said is with the qubilkis pile, tursell and
NOTES TOWARDS A METALLIC HISTORY OF SCOTLAND. < <
punscheownis he cunyeit certain pecis of gold and silvir
quhilkis being swa producit wer in presence of the saidis
Lordis deliverit to Andro Henderson, wardane of the
Cunyehous to be kepit be him, unusit or prentit with in
tyme cuming." 6
This Michaell Gilbert was of good family, and gold-
smith to Queen Mary, but whether he was a medallic
artist or only struck from dies, made probably in France,
has not yet been ascertained.
The subject of the medal was the "loyal and mag-
nanimous" Lord Seton, the devoted adherent of Queen
Mary ; and his wife was the daughter of Sir William
Hamilton of Sanquhar. 7
No. 4. MEDAL OF JOHN, EARL OF TRAQUAIR.
This medal was probably struck in 1635, when Lord
Traquair was appointed Lord Treasurer.
Obv. The arms of Lord Traquair in a shield, crowned.
Legend,
IOH STVAETVS COM TKAQVARII MAG
SCOT THESA K -
Rev. A balance within a triangle. Legend,
HAS RECTO METAS POSVIT DEVS. :
followed by a small thistle and B, the privy
mark of the artist, Nicolas Briot.
Metal, M. Size, l/ 5 - in. = 29 m -
Artist, Nicolas Briot.
The subject of this medal was the eldest son of John
Stewart, younger, of Traquair. 8 He succeeded his grand-
6 " liec. of Priv. Coun.," vol. i. p. 227, xxx.
7 Crawfurd's " Officers of State," p. 155.
8 lb., p. 406.
78 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
father in 1606, and was created Lord Stewart of Traquair
in 1628. He became Treasurer Depute in 1630, and was
created Earl of Traquair in 1633. In 1635 he became
Lord Treasurer, which office he held till 1641, when he
was deprived of it. After the defeat of the Royalist party
he lived in retirement till 1647, when he raised a regiment
of horse for the king's service. He was taken prisoner
at Preston, but afterwards released by Cromwell, and
died, it is said in great want, in September, 1659.
No. 5. MEDAL OF JOHN EARL OF LOUDOUN.
We now come to three very interesting Scottish medals.
The first of them is John, Earl of Loudoun. This medal
was the work of Abraham Simon in the year 1645. 9
Obv. His head to the left, with skull cap. A broad
collar falls over the shoulder which is shown. The
initials "A. S." below the shoulder.
Rev. IOHAN :
COM : LOVDOVN
SVMMVS SCOTIA
CANCELLAEIVS
1645
Metal, N. M. Size, 1-fr in. = 86 m -
Artist, A. Simon.
The Earl of Loudoun was born in 1598, and was the
eldest son of Sir James Campbell of Lawers. 10 He married
Margaret, eldest daughter of George, Master of Lou-
doun; and was created Earl of Loudoun in 1633. He
was nominated one of the Commissioners for Scotland at
the Treaty of "Oxbridge in 1645. The Earl of Loudoun
9 " Med. Hist.," pi. xxiv. 10. Vertue's " Works of Simon,"
pi. xv. p. 25.
10 Crawford's " Officers of State," p. 196.
NOTES TOWARDS A METALLIC HISTORY OF SCOTLAND. 79
presided over the Parliament which proclaimed Charles II.
king, and afterwards assisted his cause by all means in
his power. He lived to see the Restoration, and died at
Edinburgh in 1663.
No. 6. MEDAL OF CHARLES SETON, SECOND EARL
OF DUNFERMLINE.
Obv. His bust, bareheaded, to the right, as No. 5.
Rev. CAR :
SETONIVS
FEKMELINO :
DVNI CON :
1646.
Metal, M. Size, If in. = 36 m
Artist, A. Simon. 11
Charles, second Earl of Dunfermline, was the only son
of Alexander, first earl, and the grandson of the Lord
Seton, whose medal has been already noticed. 12 His
mother was Margaret, the daughter of John, Lord Seton.
He was one of the Committee of Parliament in 1640 ; and
also one of the Committee of Estates from 1644 to 1646.
He returned to his allegiance, and after the restoration
was appointed by Charles II. Lord Privy Seal in 1671,
and died in 1674. This medal is engraved in Vertue's
" Works of Simon," from an original then in the posses-
sion of M. Johnson, Esquire. 13
No. 7. MEDAL OF SIR CHARLES ERSKINE, OF ALVA.
This remarkable and very rare medal has not hitherto
been published, so far as I am aware. The only example
11 Pink, " Med. Hist.," pi. xxiv. 9.
12 Crawford's " Officers of State," p. 157.
13 " Simon's Works," p. 32, pi. xx.
80 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
which is known was in the collection of Mr. W. D.
Hamilton, from which a cast was presented to the late
Duke of Sutherland. I am indebted to Mr. Mackenzie of
Dornoch for bringing this example under my notice, and
to His Grace the Duke of Sutherland for permitting an
illustration to be taken from it for the proposed catalogue of
medals connected with Scotland.
Obv. His bust, bareheaded, to the left, as No. 5.
Rev. 1647
CAE:
^ERESKINVS
EQV:
30.
Metal, M. Size, If in.
Artist, A. Simon.
PL IV. No. 4.
Sir Charles Erskine was the third son of John Earl of
Mar and Mary, daughter of the Duke of Lennox; and
was one of the Commissioners at the Treaty of Uxbridge
in 1645.
II. W. COCHRAN- PATRICK.
NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.
The Zeitschrift fur Nnmismatik, Bd. V. Heft I., contains Dr.
Friedlaender's annual report on the acquisitions of the Berlin
coin-cabinet during the year 1876 ; from which we learn that, in
addition to the Guthrie collection of more than fifteen thousand
Oriental coins, about three hundred Greek and Roman and about
six hundred mediaeval and modern coins have been added to the
collection.
Among the former we notice a new silver stater of Abdera,
the reverse of which shows Herakles seated upon a rock in an
attitude of repose. This coin is of the class which follow the
Aeginetic standard. It is of the best period of art previous to
B.C. 400.
The tetradrachm (or rather stater) of Uranopolis in the neigh-
bourhood of Mount Athos is a very remarkable coin. On the
obverse are the sun, crescent moon, and five stars, and on the
reverse the goddess Urania seated upon a globe.
Alexarchus, the brother of Cassander, who founded this city,
is said to have invented a new dialect, and to have made use of
it even in his official communications with other states.
Athenaeus (III. 98) quotes one of his letters written in this
strange jargon, which bears somewhat the same relation to
Greek as the language of the Jabberwok ballad in " Alice in
Wonderland " does to English. He appears to have been
somewhat eccentric, to say the least of it; and this eccentricity
seems to be reflected even in the types and legends of his coins
OYPANIAflN npAEHZfor OYPANOnOAITIlN
is unique in Greek numismatics. The weight also of the stater
(209 grs.) is peculiar, and seems to indicate an attempt to
restore the ancient Macedonian standard, none but coins of
Attic weight being usual at the time when these coins must
have been struck.
We see also from Dr. Friedlaender's report that the Berlin
Museum has now a complete series of Athenian gold money,
consisting of the stater, half, fourth, sixth, and twelfth. The
British Museum of this series possesses only staters. Berlin
may also boast of the gold stater of Athens, with the name of
Mithradates the Sixth a coin of extreme rarity.
For an account of the other important acquisitions in the
VOL. XVII. N.S. M
82 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Greek, Roman, and Modern series we refer our readers j;o Dr.
Friedlaender's paper, which will well repay a careful perusal.
In the same number of the Zeitschrift will be found an im-
portant article by Herr M. Bahrfeldt on the oldest Roman
denarii, in which he proposes certain modifications in the
chronological arrangement of Mommsen. This article should
be mastered by all who take a serious interest in the history of
the Roman mint, as also should the paper which follows it, by
A. Kliigmann, on the types of the earliest Roman bigati.
Dr. von Sallet contributes another of his interesting papers
on remarkable Greek coins, and a second article on the silver
coins of Barcochab, in which he endeavours to prove that the
Jewish silver coins of the size of the denarius, usually divided
into two classes and attributed to the two revolts of the Jews
respectively under Nero and Hadrian, all really belong to the
second revolt, and are unmistakably of the time of Barcochab.
Thus he vindicates De Saulcy's opinion on this question.
Dr. Friedlaender also has a paper on a coin with Massaliote
types and an Etruscan legend.
In Bd. V. Heft 2, Dr. Imhoof-Blumer treats of the coins of
Selge and Aspendus, and, in a second paper, on re-struck
Greek coins. Too much importance can hardly be attached to
monuments of this nature, as they frequently afford a clue to
a correct attribution : for example, Dr. Imhoof (p. 147) notices
that certain bronze coins usually given to the Paeonian King
Patraus, on account of the monogram which they bear, com-
posed of the letters F1ATP, must be brought down nearly a
whole century, because he has found a specimen re-struck upon
a coin of the Macedonian King Demetrius or Antigonus.
Dr. E. Merzbacher continues his researches in the field of
Hebrew numismatics, and contributes to the present number a
paper on the age of the Jewish shekels, in which, after a full
consideration of the question, he comes to the final conclusion
that they were struck under the authority of the first Macca-
baean Princes shortly after the commencement of the Jewish
autonomy, the right of coining having been granted by Antio-
chus VII. to Simon Maccabaeus. This article will perhaps
settle the much-contested point as to the date of this interesting
series of coins.
Dr. A'on Sallet has an article on the coins of Aenus, in
Thrace, which will be read with interest by all who possess
specimens of the noble coins of that city. The newly published
catalogue of the coins of Thrace in the British Museum, may be
consulted by those who have not the coins at hand.
Dr. Friedlaender, in an article entitled, " The Schubin Find
again," calls attention to the fact that nothing better than
NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 83
utterly untrustworthy hearsay evidence has ever been adduced
in favour of the alleged discovery at Schubin, in the province of
Posen, in the year 1824, of a hoard of extremely archaic
Athenian [Euboaan ?] coins, published by Levezow in the
"Transactions" of the Berlin Academy for 1884, and that
there are good reasons for supposing them to have been brought
from Macedon, where coins of this description are often found,
by dealers who frequented the fair at Frankfurt on the Oder in
1824. Thus fall to the ground all the hypotheses as to the
ancient commercial intercourse between the shores of the
Aegaean and the amber coasts, in so far, at least, as they are
built upon a foundation as unstable as is the evidence of the
finding of these coins in Posen.
The Numismatische Zeitsclirift, Bd. VIII. 2tes. semester,
contains the following articles : xi. xiv. By Dr. Otto Blau,
on coins of Azbaal, King of Byblos ; of the Satrap Orontas ; of
Barsine, wife of Alexander the Great ; and of the Scythian
king Pharzoios. xv. By A. Markl, on the manner in which the
dies of the coins of the later Roman Emperors were prepared,
xvi. By A. Luschin Ebengreuth, on the "Vienna Pennies."
xvii. By Dr. E. Riippell, on Medals of Physicians and Natural-
ists. Among the notices of recent publications is a long review
of Mr. Lane Poole's Catalogue of Arab Coins, vol. i., by
Prof. Karabacek.
Bd. IX. Ites. semester, opens with a long article by Dr.
Imhoof-Blumer, on the coinage of Boaotia and the Peloponnesian
Argos, accompanied by several woodcuts and two well-executed
autotype plates. Dr. Otto Blau contributes a highly interesting
paper on the Elymaean Pyraethi or Magi and their coins, and
another on the Princes of Sophene. Roman numismatics are
treated of by Herrn Neudeck and Kolb, mediaeval and Oriental
by Ebengreuth, Karabacek, Rohde, and Busson.|J
The Melanges de Numismatique, Nos. 1 and 2, 1877, con-
tain the following articles :
E. Muret. Coins of Lydia (Imperial).
De Saulcy. Coins of the Third Race of the Kings of France.
P. Lambros. Inedited coins of the Grand Masters of Rhodes
of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem.
J. Roman. Coins of Louis I.
P. Lambros. Inedited coin of Damala.
J. Rouyer. Giraut Guette, treasurer of King Philip the
Long.
De Saulcy. Inedited coins of Tryphon, struck in the coast-
towns of Phoenicia.
81 NUMISMATIC CHROMCLE.
De Saulcy. New Jewish coins.
The part concludes with correspondence, bibliography, &c.
Parts 3 and 4, 1877, contain the following articles :
De Saulcy. Supplementary notes on his " Numismatique de
la Terre-Sainte."
E. Muret. Coins of Pamphylia (Imperial).
R. Mowat. On the pretended refusal of the Senate to re-
cognise Otho.
De Vogue. Coins and seals of the Crusaders.
F. Lenorinant. On the monetary leagues and federal coins
t)f Ancient Greece.
P. Lambros. Inedited coins of Chios.
La Monnaie dans Vaniiquite, legons pr<fessees dans la cha>re
d'archeologie pres la Bibliotheque Nationale en 1875 77, par
F. Lenormant. Vols. I. and II. Paris, 1878 (Levy).
We do not propose to review this work on the present occa-
sion. Suffice it to say that the two volumes already published,
and which we have read with the utmost pleasure, have inspired
us with a lively interest in M. Lenormant's really great under-
taking, and we shall look forward with impatience to the com-
pletion of the work, when we hope to review it in detail.
Every student of numismatics should possess a copy.
B. V. H.
R I S T I A N EMBLEMS
ON OF OONSTANTINF I ETC
IE ! V ,
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS
COINS OF THE SUCCESSORS OF CONSTANTINF
PI A T F V .
ET
&>
\^&5L9a%& *-
Ofl "3 -^Js^
BURGUNDIANS.
COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE ETC. PLATE I.
SCOTTISH MEDALS. PLATE II.
IY.
ON AN UNPUBLISHED ARCHAIC TETRADRACHM OF
OLYNTHUS.
COLONEL J. Gr. SANDEMAN has most kindly given me per-
mission to publish in the Numismatic Chronicle a
remarkable coin which formed part of the cabinet of the
late Mr. G. Finlay, and which he purchased, with the
rest of the Finlay collection, about a year ago. It may
be described as follows :
Obv. Quadriga, right, driven by bearded charioteer, who
holds a goad in his right and reins in both hands.
The horses are walking slowly in step, so that
the quadriga has the appearance of a biga.
Rev. Incuse square, divided into several (eight or more)
triangular compartments, of which three or four
are obliterated.
Weight, 259 grs. (16-78 gr.). Size, -9 inch
(23 mill).
The fine archaic style of the art on the obverse is a
proof that the coin is the work of a skilful Greek engraver
of an early period. The reverse is of a type very preva-
VOL. XVIII. N.S. N
86 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
lent, especially in the islands of the Aegaean, both before
and for some years after B.C. 500. 1 The fact that this
tetradrachm is of Euboic weight (for we can hardly call
Attic a weight probably not derived from Athens, whose
commercial influence at this early period was far from
extensive), may assist us in attributing it, as it seems to
preclude the probability of its being a coin either of one
of the islands to which the form of the incuse would
perhaps have led us to ascribe it, or of the coast of Asia
Minor. 2
Now this Euboic weight is found in early times, and
before its introduction can be safely ascribed to the
influence of Athens, at the following places (exclusively
of Eubcea and Corinth) : Acanthus, 3 Terone, 4 Scione, 5
Mende, 6 Potidaea, 7 Olynthus, 8 Dicaea 9 (col. Eretriae), and
1 The incuse reverses which bear the greatest resemblance
to that of our tetradrachm are those of the silver staters of
Aeginetic weight with two dolphins in opposite directions,
attributed sometimes to Thasos, sometimes to Pheidon of Argos,
B.C. 668 661 (?). Colonel Sandeman informs us that he finds
in Finlay's MS. catalogue the following extract from a letter to
him from M. Postolaka : " Le superbe tetradrachme archa'ique
me semble, a cause de 1'aire creuse, de fabrique macedonienne,
mais de quelle ville je ne puis pas preciser." Although I en-
tirely concur with M. Postolaka's attribution, I know of no
Macedonian coins with incuse squares of precisely the same
kind.
2 The only silver coins of Euboic-Attic weight struck in early
times in Asia Minor and its coasts are certain ancient coins of
Tenedos, the Troad, Samos (?), and Lycia ; but none of these
bear any resemblance to this tetradrachm.
3 Brandis, p. 533. 4 Ibid., p. 540. 6 Ibid., p. 539.
6 Ibid., p. 537. 7 Ibid., p. 539.
8 Brandis (p. 538) quotes coins of Olynthus as of the Persic
standard ; but this is clearly a mistake, which has arisen from
a printer's error in the Catalogue of the North wick Sale, Lot
579, where a coin of Olynthus is said to weigh 83 grs. : the
true weight should be 33.
9 " Num. Chron.," N.S., vol. xiv. p. 273, and vol. xv. p. 98.
UNPUBLISHED ARCHAIC TETRAPRACHM OF OLYNTHUS. 87
Aeneia, 10 all situated in the Chalcidic peninsula, and
colonies for the most part from Euboea (Chalcis and
Eretria) and Corinth. n At the time of the expedition of
Xerxes they were all flourishing places, and their coinage,
at this early date, was regulated according to the Euboic
standard. Some of them subsequently, when they came
under the dominion of Athens, ceased to coin money ; and
others, such as Acanthus, Terone, Olynthus, and Aeneia,
exchanged, probably about the time of Brasidas, the
Attic standard for the Graeco-Asiatic or Macedonic.
The largest silver coin thus fell from a tetradrachm of
260 to a stater of 220 grains.
Following, therefore, the indication afforded by the
weight of the coin now under consideration, I would
suggest, as its probable place of mintage, one of the above-
mentioned Chalcidian towns ; and among them I would
select Olynthus, for the following reason : Except in
Sicily, agonistic types on coins are of extreme rarity, and
at an early period Olynthus is perhaps the only town
which places upon its coins the quadriga ("Das K.
Miinzkabinet," Berlin, 1877, No. 291), or the winning
horse standing beside a column (vvcra-a, rep^a), (Cadalvene,
" Recueil," PI. I. 30). The reverse type, too, of the Olyn-
thian coins, a flying eagle with a serpent in his claws,
occurs also on the coins of Elis, and on both may refer,
as a symbol of Olympian Zeus, to victories at Olympia.
10 Brandis, p. 534. The silver coins with the head of Aeneas
are by some numismatists given to a dynast of that name ; but
as some of them are of archaic and others of more recent style,
I have little doubt that they are correctly attributed by Brandis
to Aeneia on the Thermaic Gulf.
11 The only exceptions are Acanthus, which was a colony of
Andros, and possibly Scione, which called itself Achaean, and
traced its origin to warriors returning from Troy.
88 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
It is conceivable, therefore, that an Olympian victory
in the chariot-race may have been gained by a citizen of
Olynthus before circ. B.C. 500, and we may consequently
add this city to, or rather place it at the head of, the list
of towns (all, by-the-bye, with the exception of Cyrene,
in Sicily and Italy) given by Mr. Poole ("Transac.
R.S.L.," N.S., vol. x. pt. iii.), on the coins of which
Olympian victories are presumably represented or alluded
to.
The fabric of the tetradrachm engraved above is,
indeed, very different from that of the tetradrachm of
Olynthus with the flying eagle on the reverse. It is
much thicker and less spread but this may be ac-
counted for by its being undoubtedly of an earlier
period. A similar change from a lumpy fabric to a
flatter one is perceptible, though to a less degree, on
coins of Thasos, 12 Lete, and other places in Macedon.
The coins of the lumpy fabric I would give to the
end of the sixth century, those of the flat fabric to the
first half of the fifth. 13
If the above suggestions as to the place and the time
of the issue of Col. Sandeman's tetradrachm be accepted,
it is evident that Olynthus must have been a Hellenic
city before it fell into the possession of the Bottiseans,
who were in garrison there in B.C. 479, when Artabazus,
on his return from the Hellespont after the retreat of
Xerxes, besieged them and put them to death on the
B. M. Cat. Gr. Coins. Thrace. P. 216.
13 The coins of the lumpy fabric are frequently, though not
always, to be distinguished from those of the flat fabric by a
diagonal division of the incuse square upon the reverse ; the
incuse square upon the latter being generally divided at right
angles.
UNPUBLISHED ARCHAIC TETRADRACHM OF OLYNTHUS. 89
banks of the neighbouring lagoon or marsh, called
Bolyca ("Herod.," viii. 127; "Athen.," viii. c. 3),
delivering up their city to the Chalcidians, under Crito-
bulus of Terone.
The fine archaic tetradrachm which I now make known
is, therefore, in my opinion, a specimen of an Hellenic
and probably Chalcidian coinage before this Bottiasan
occupation, which can only have been temporary ; while
the flat and somewhat coarser tetradrachm, with a
quadriga on the obverse and the flying eagle on the
reverse, probably represents the period about B.C. 479
when the Chalcidians were restored by Artabazus.
BARCLAY V. HEAD.
y.
MACEDONIAN AND GREEK COINS OF THE
SELEUCIDAE.
IT is a fact which does credit to the political genius of the
great Alexander, that the princes who ruled over frag-
ments of his dominions in Asia and Africa after his death
by no means lost their nationality, but claimed through-
out to be Greeks, and acknowledged a real tie binding
them to Hellas and Macedon. To reunite under their
own rule the dominions of Alexander was the dream of
all Alexander's generals and their children ; and in par-
ticular Macedonia, the cradle of the race, was the country
which the Greek princes of Asia and Africa longed to
have under their sway ; the master of Macedon being
considered, until the Romans made that district into a
province of their own, the first potentate in the world
de jure if not de facto the representative of Hellas to the
world.
Thrice did the Seleucid kings of Syria advance preten-
sions to the Macedonian throne. Seleucus I. himself was
the first to do so, and had already landed in Europe to
march upon Macedon, when he fell by the dagger of
Ptolemy Ceraunus, in 280 B.C. It is likely that some of
his coins were struck in or for Macedon, but these cannot
be determined or separated, the whole character of his
MACEDONIAN AND GREEK COINS OF THE SELEUCIDAE. 91
coinage being, as was natural, purely Macedonian. After
his death Antiochus I., his son, maintained the claim to
Macedon in opposition to the murderer of his father,
Ptolemy Ceraunus, and to his brother-in-law, Antigonus
Gonatas, son of Demetrius Poliorcetes. We learn from
fragments of the Greek historians, that naval battles were
fought between Antigonus and Antiochus. From a state-
ment of Trogus Pompeius, it would appear that most of
the land fighting took place in Asia. But that the whole
took place there we are in no position to state. On the
other hand we find traces, although not of a very decisive
character, of the influence and power of Antiochus in
Europe. In the year 279 the town of Cassandrea, in the
Chalcidic Peninsula, was under the dominion of a tyrant
named Apollodorus, among whose acts it is recorded that
he expelled from the city Lachares, who had once been
tyrant of Athens, on the ground that he was plotting to
deliver Cassandrea into the hands of Antiochus. 1 As
Cassandrea is on the sea-coast, it is by no means impos-
sible that the object of the contemplated act of treachery
was to hand over the city to the fleet of Antiochus, which
we know to have been in those waters; but still it is
unlikely that the surrender of Cassandrea would have
been contemplated by any one unless Antiochus was
already in possession of some points on the continent of
Europe.
In the following year, when all the states of Greece
flew to arms to save their country from a threatened in-
vasion by the Gallic swarms led by Brennus, and sent a
confederate army to guard the pass of Thermopylae,
Antiochus contributed towards that army a contingent of
Polyaenus, vi. 7.
92 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
five hundred men under Telesarchus, a general who much
distinguished himself in the defence of the pass. To
Pyrrhus also, when he was about to sail for Italy, Antio-
chus sent a money present. In all these transactions he
appears as a European, not as an Asiatic ruler. Further,
it is recorded in an extant inscription from Delphi, 2 that
the Delphians sent on two occasions an embassy to Antio-
chus. Boeckh supposes the occasion of these two em-
bassies to be the solemnisation by the king of games, such
as Soteria or Daphnaea ; bat it would appear from the in-
scription that the Delphians had favours for their city and
temple to ask of Antiochus, and were very grateful to one
Dicaearchus, of Laodicea, who pleaded their cause with
the king. It is hard to see how Antiochus could be of
any service to the town of Delphi, whatever may be said
as to the temple, unless he had had power in Europe.
After the defeat of Ptolemy by the Gauls and his death,
the war was renewed between the remaining competitors,
but finally Antiochus found himself compelled to relin-
quish the throne of Macedon to Antigonus.
We can scarcely be wrong in supposing that the series
of copper pieces represented in the plate Nos. 1 to 7,
were issued by Antiochus I. at the time that he was
aspiring to the Macedonian throne. That they were
actually minted in Macedonia or in Europe we cannot
say, but the fabric has a European appearance. The
type of the obverse of Nos. 1 to 3, the Macedonian
buckler, is very usual in the coinage of Macedon at this
period, and adopted by the various competitors for
dominion, each of whom placed on the boss of the shield
his own badge or monogram. Cities frequently placed
2 Boeckh, C. I.," 1693.
MACEDONIAN AND GREEK COINS OF THE SELEUCIDAE. 93
their symbol in the same position. The thunderbolt of
Nos. 4 and 5 is also a Macedonian type.
The most curious peculiarity of the whole set of these
coins and that which connects them all together, is the
occurrence of the club, the jawbone of a boar, and the
two monograms f^ p*] throughout. The jawbone, in
particular, scarcely ever appears on coins except of
Aetolia or cities belonging to the Aetolian league. The
club is also Aetolian. We should scarcely have hesitated
to ascribe all the coins to Aetolian mints but for the testi-
mony of history, which represents the Aetolians as in this
war allies not of Antiochus, but of Antigonus. Our his-
torical data, on the other hand, are so slight that it may
be doubted whether the Aetolians did not at some time
form an alliance with Antiochus, an alliance commemo-
rated by these coins. In any case they are a memorial of
Antiochus's pretensions to the rule over Macedon.
- These coins I must describe briefly :
1. Obv. Macedonian shield ; on boss, anchor.
Rev. BAZIAEHZ ANTIOXOY. Horned elephant,
to right. In field O H
2. Same inscr. and types ; in field f$, club, jawbone.
3. Same types ; inscription shortened to BA AN ; nothing
in field.
4. Obv. Head of Zeus, to the right, laur.
R*>. BAZIAEHZ ANTIOXOY. Thunderbolt; in
field f^, club, jawbone.
5. Same types ; inscription shortened to BA AN ; nothing
in field.
6. Obv. Head of Apollo, to the right, laur.
Eev. BAZIAEHZ ANTIOXOY. Tripod lebes ; in
field PI.
7. Same types ; in field f^, club, strung bow.
VOL. XVIII. N.S. O
94 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Antiochus Theos, son and successor of Antioclms Soter,
was a man given to wine and faA'ourites, who lost by sloth
political advantages which his father had won by talent
and conduct. He did not, however, entirely abandon his
ancestral claims to territory in Europe. Droysen is dis-
posed to think that he fought a campaign in Thrace, and,
piecing together a number of scattered fragments of lost
historians, produces reasons for thinking that he con-
ducted a siege of Byzantium, which siege he was induced
to raise by the fear that the people of Heraclea, in Bithy-
nia, would join the enemy with their triremes. 3 This war
Droysen places in the period 262 258 B.C., but its very
occurrence is a matter of so little certainty that we need
scarcely be particular as to its date.
The reign of Seleucus II., who succeeded Antiochus
Theos, was so disturbed by war and revolt that he had small
leisure for any thought save of preserving the Asiatic
dominions which were fast slipping out of the grasp of
the Seleucidae. Under Antiochus III., however, together
with a general renovation of the vigour of the Empire,
there was a revival of the traditional designs of the race
on Greece and Macedonia. Antiochus the Great ascended
the throne of Syria in the year 222 B.C. His first efforts
were devoted to the putting down of usurpers and the
prosecution of designs upon Egypt. But after Philip Y.
of Macedon had been humbled by the arms of Rome,
Antiochus began to meditate conquests in Europe, chiefly
with a view to staying the constantly encroaching might
of Rome, but partly also with the intention of acquiring
predominant power in European Greece, and driving
Philip out of Macedon. At this time, B.C. 192, Hannibal
3 Droysen, " Geschichte der Epigonen," 1877, p. 314,
MACEDONIAN' AND GAEKK COINS OF THE SELEUCIDAK. 95
was at the court of Antiochus, stimulated by his life-
long hatred of the Roman name, urging upon the king
measures which, if the latter had been able to take advice,
might have saved him from destruction and worked ruin
to Rome. While Antiochus was considering the plan of
a campaign envoys arrived from the Aetolian league, then
at the height of its power. At the head of the legation
was Thoas, who offered the king, as Appian writes, the
post of general with absolute power (auro^parwp o-TparT/yo's)
of the Aetolian league, and begged him to sail at once for
Greece and not await the arrival of reinforcements from
further Asia, the forces of the Aetolians and those of
Lacedaemon being likely to be strengthened by the
accession of Philip of Macedon. Livy makes the speaker
Dicaearchus, brother of Thoas, but agrees as to the
substance of the speech.
In B.C. 192 Antiochus set sail from the Troad with a
comparatively small force of 10,000 infantry, 500 cavalry,
and six elephants. He first touched at the island of Imbros,
then at Sciathus. It is, perhaps, worthy of remark that
the city of Hephaestia, in the island of Lemnos, close to
Imbros, issued just at this period copper coins bearing
portraits of a diademed king, who may very probably be
Antiochus himself. 4 The forces of Antiochus landed at
Demetrias, in Thessaly. He himself proceeded to Chalcis,
in Euboea, and received the submission of the whole
island. The allies who were ready in Greece to welcome
him were the following : Aetolians, Boeotians, Acar-
nanians, Magnetes, the people of Messenia and Elis, and
Amynander, king of the Athamanes, a foolish prince who
* " Brit. Mus. Cat. Greek Coins." Thrace, &c., p. 213,
No. 6.
96 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
cherished hopes of securing for himself the throne of
Macedon, and whose accession cost Antiochus dear, as it
estranged from his cause Philip of Macedon. The latter
prince, after long hesitancy, preferred the more powerful
alliance of his conquerors the Romans, and the Achaean
league took the same side.
Meantime, in the same winter, B.C. 192 191, Antio-
chus marched through Boeotia into Thessaly. Passing
Cynoscephalae, he found still lying unburied the bodies of
the Macedonians who had fallen in the great battle there,
and had them honourably interred, a proceeding which
tended much to ingratiate him with the people of Mace-
don, but by no means with their king, to whom by this
act he put himself in direct and open rivalry, and who,
therefore, embraced with more fervour than before the
Roman alliance. The Syrian monarch reduced many
cities of Thessaly, among others Pherae, Scotussa, and
Crannon, but suffering a repulse before Larissa, fell back
to Demetrias, where he put his troops into winter quar-
ters, sending home the Aetolians and Athamanes. Antio-
chus himself passed the remainder of the winter at Chalcis,
in Euboea, and there, in spite of his fifty years, and the
serious nature of the contest in which he was engaged,
fell in love with and married a beautiful native of the
place, the daughter of one Cleoptolemus, whom he named
Euboea. The solemnisation of this marriage was attended
with splendid shows and games, of which more will be
said presentl} 7 . In the early spring of 191 B.C. the king
crossed over to the mainland, and, joining his forces with
those of the Aetolians, marched to Thermopylae, but at
that memorable spot received so severe a defeat at the
hands of the Roman consul Manius Acilius, that he at
once abandoned in despair not Greece only, but even his
MACEDONIAN AND GREEK COINS OF THE SELEUCIDAE. 97
strong posts in the Thracian Chersonese, and fled to
Ephesus with his young bride.
The first coins which I have to bring forward as memo-
rials of the European campaign of Antiochus bear the
name of the Aetolians.
Obi\ Head of Antiochus, to the right, wearing oak wreath
entwined with diadem.
Rev. AlTnAflN. Warrior standing, to the left,
crowned with wreath, having chlamys wrapped
round arm, Aetolian causia slung round his neck,
and sword round his body ; holds in right, spear ;
right foot on rock.
(Plate V., Nos. 8, 9. Weight, 158-4, 151-6 grains.)
The reasons for the present attribution of these pieces
are numerous. The portrait presents a general similarity
to that on the Syrian coins of Antiochus III. And in
the history of the Aetolian league we do not find
another instance in which they elected a general with
absolute powers (avroKparcop o-rpar^yos) ; the ordinary gene-
rals of the league did not, we know, place their portraits
on the coinage ; as dictator, Antiochus probably felt him-
self in a position to make an exception to this rule. More
definite reasons will appear on comparison of the following
piece of Carystus, in Euboea.
Obv. Head of Antiochus, to the right, wearing oak-wreath
entwined with diadem.
Rev. KAPYZTlJQN. Nike, to the left, in biga, holds
palm and reins.
(Plate V., No. 12. Weight, 98-5 grains.)
That the portrait on this piece is the same as that on
98 NUMISMATIC CHRONIOLK.
the above-cited coins of Aetolia would appear probable on
first inspection, especially on comparison of No. 10 on plate,
which represents a coin preserved at the Hague, and pub-
lished by Dr. Imhoof-Blumer. 5 And this probability is
raised to the rank of a certainty when we observe the re-
markable character of the wreath which encircles the
king's head on both coins, and is in both cases intertwined
with the regal diadema. Dr. Imhoof-Blumer, indeed,
maintains that the wreath in question is no wreath, but a
" von einem Band umwundene Binde," a twisted taenia,
like that worn by Zeus on the coins of Odessus, and Posei-
don on the coins of Hiero II., of Syracuse. He can,
however, scarcely be right ; for in the Museum coin the
ends of the diadem are distinct ; and both on the Museum
coin and that of the Hague we may see leaves of a serrated
character.
Wreaths intertwined with the diadema are not of ex-
tremely rare occurrence on coins. Two monarchs con-
temporary with Antiochus III., Attalus I., of Pergamum,
and Ptolemy IV., of Egypt, wear upon their coins wreaths
respectively of laurel and of ivy so entwined. The border
on many tetradrachms of Alexander Bala is formed of a
laurel wreath and a diadem intertwined.
If the portrait bearing this peculiar wreath had been
found on the coins of Aetolia only, we might possibly
have supposed it to represent Attalus I., of Pergamum,
who was general of the Aetolians in 209 B.C., but he had
nothing, so far as we know, to do with Euboea. The
only instance in history of a close connection between
Aetolia and Euboea was when Antiochus III., the general
of the Aetolians, passed the winter at Chalcis. It should
' " Zeitschrift fur Numismatik," 1876, p. 304.
MACEDONIAN AND GREEK COINS OF THE SELEUCIDAE. 99
be added that Attalus had a colleague in the office,
Antiochus had none.
The details of the types of the coin of Carystus are
interesting, and all explicable by the circumstances of
Antiochus' residence in Euboea. All the historians state
that the great event of his stay was his marriage and
a series of games and ceremonies on that occasion. The
chariot driven by Victory, which occupies the reverse of
our coin, doubtless commemorates the nuptial games, in
which the king may have won the chariot race, as he
probably would. It is even likely that the oak wreath
which is here entwined with the diadem on the head of
Antiochus has an agonistic meaning, being in all likeli-
hood the reward of victory in the race. To establish this
conjecture I must cite another coin.
Obv. Head of a queen as Hera, to the right, veiled.
Rev. XAAKIAEflN EENOKPATHZ. Demeter in
quadriga, holds torch and reins ; all in oak
wreath.
(Plate V., No. 11. Weight, 254'5 grains.)
The head on this piece is an idealized portrait, and we
can scarcely be wrong in supposing it to represent the
young bride Euboea, though in the character of Hera,
goddess of matrimony, and chief divinity of the island of
Euboea. The oak wreath of the reverse is agonistic, and
confirms what is above said as to the probable nature of
the prize in the games, which doubtless attracted com-
petitors from all parts of the island.
The name of Xenocrates does not occur in history in
connection with Chalcis or Antiochus ; but it is, perhaps,
worthy of remark that we find in Livy's narrative of the
war with Antiochus, the name of Xenoclides as that of
100 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
one of the principal citizens of Cbalcis. Livy's Xeno-
clides may not impossibly be the Xenocrates of our coin ;
but, of course, this is merely a guess, a conjecture which
is without means of proof.
There are copper coins of Chalcis nearly contempo-
raneous with these silver pieces, though bearing a different
magistrate's name.
Obv. XAAKI. Quadriga driven by female figure.
Ifei'. OEOKAHZ PIAYZANIOY in laurel wreath.
Of these pieces I can give no account, but I would con-
jecture that they must have been minted on a different
occasion, as the magistrate's name is changed, and a
laurel wreath takes the place of the oak wreath.
Such are the only coins which seem to bear testimony
to the direct rule of Antiochus III. in Greece, but there
are many others which testify to his influence and power.
Among the latter it is sufficient to mention the well-
known tetradrachms of Athens, which bear as well as the
name of Antiochus his well-known symbol the elephant.
In the copper coinage also of the various cities of Euboea
we find the veiled head of a queen, which seems copied
from that on our tetradrachm, and the same type is re-
peated on copper pieces of the Athamanes, which must
almost certainly have been issued during the reign of
King Amynander.
To these well-known coins, which show traces of the
influence of Antiochus, I have to add one issued by the
people of Acarnania, and hitherto, I believe, unpub-
lished.
rtir. AKAPNANHN. Head of Apollo, to the right,
laur.
MACEDONIAN AND GREEK COINS OF THE SELEUCIDAE. 101
Iifv. 0YjQN. Artemis running, to the right, holding
torch ; in front Seleucid anchor ; all in oak
wreath.
(Brit. Mus. Weight, 113'3 grains. Plate V., No. 18.)
This remarkable and perhaps unique coin is from the
collection of Subhi Pacha. It presents in all respects a
deviation from the ordinary coinage of Acarnania. The
weight would appear to follow the Attic standard, while
the other coins of Acarnania are of heavier weight. The
type of the obverse is the head of Apollo in place of that
of the Acheloiis ; and on the reverse we find Artemis
instead of the seated Apollo Actius. The circumstances
which testify to Syrian influence are the anchor and the
oak wreath of the reverse. Of these the former is spe-
cially distinctive ; the anchor is at this period used as a
symbol almost or quite exclusively by the Seleucidae and
their imitators. Of the oak wreath I have spoken above.
Livy tells us 6 that " Mnasilochus, a chief man (princeps)
of the Acarnanians, won over by heavy bribes, brought
over to the king's side not only the nation, but even
Clytus, the general or prgetor who was then in power."
Clytus and Mnasilochus conspired together to admit the
forces of Aiitiochus into the city of Medeon. As soon as
he was inside, the king made a reassuring speech which
brought to his cause the support of some peoples of
Acarnania. But the people of Thyrrheum shut their
gates against him, and, being promptly assured of Roman
support, opposed the king until he was compelled to
march back across Boeotia to Chalcis. It is clear that at
this time the Acarnanian league was divided against
itself ; the inland cities under the general of the league,
6 Book 36, c. 11, 12.
VOL. XVIII. N.S. P
102 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Clytus, supporting Antiochus, while Leucas, Thyrrheum,
and other cities of the coast held out for Rome. To
such a time an exceptional coin such as that which
concerns us would naturally be attributed. The party
headed by the Strategus Clytus would naturally wish
to issue money, but as the mint of the league was
probably at Leucas, in the hands of the enemy, such
money must needs be of an exceptional character.
It only remained to give an extra sanction to it by
imprinting on it the Seleucid anchor. As to the name
Thyon, which occurs on the reverse of our piece, there
is nothing to be said ; but it should be pointed out that
it is extremely unlikely that the magistrate's name occur-
ring on coins like those of the Acarnanian league, is that
of the general for the time being. It may, perhaps, be
the name of the priest of Apollo Actius, for decrees issued
by the Acarnanians in session begin 7 'ETTI tepaTroXov ra>
'ATToAXam 'AKTUO <iA7y/x.oros, or more probably still it may
be the name of some obscure moneyer who was respon-
sible for the weight and fineness of the coin. At any
rate, the absence of the names of Clytus and Mnasilochus
can form no objection to my attribution of the coin.
PERCY GARDNER.
7 Boeckh, " C. I.," vol. ii. ab in it.
YT.
MONNAIES D'HIERAPOLIS EN SYRIE.
" "En ad sum cutus numen unicum, multiformi specie, ritu vario,
nomine multiiugo, totus veneratur orbis." APUL. MET., xi.
MONSIEUR W. H. WADDTNGTON a classe a Abd-Hadad,
dynaste d'Hierapolis en Syrie, deux monnaies en argent
de la collection de Luynes, sur lesquelles se lit, outre le
nom du dynaste, celui de la deesse syrienne Atergatis. 1
Deux autres monnaies, qui font partie de ma collection,
viennent enrichir la serie monetaire, si restreinte jusqu'ici,
de la ville sainte des syriens et fournissent quelques
nouveaux details sur la grande deesse veneree aux bords
de FEuphrate. C'est ce qui m'engage a publier ces
monuments curieux et a y joindre quelques observations
au sujet des pieces analogues deja publiees.
Voici la description de toutes ces monnaies :
1. Tete a droite d'une deesse, les cheveux retrousses et
rattaches par un lien au soxnrnet de ia tete, avec
pendants d'oreille et double collier tres-orne.
Derriere &Sf\l\V (fc nn37), dessus A ?
Eev. Lion attaquant un taureau courant a gauche. Des-
sus M4S?-H L - P 1202 ^), Alexandre; dessous
Lj (~T). Grenetis au pourtour.
1 " Revue Numism.," 1861, p. 9, PL II. 1, 2.
104 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
JR. 5. 8" grammes. Didrachme attique fourre.
Collection de Luynes ; " Satrap, et Phonic.,"
p. 97, PL XVI. 1 ; Brandis, " Muenzw. in Yor-
derasien," p. 430; Blau, " Nuuiism. Zeit-
schr.," viii. 1876, p. 234. 2
2. Baal assis a g. sur un siege sans dossier. Devant lui
thyiniaterion. II tient de la g. un sceptre, de la
dr. des epis ? Devant / (fc) et o ?, derriere
"naosbs, comme sur le didrachme precedent.
Grenetis.
Rev. Deesse vetue d'une longue robe, plissee au bas ; la
tete couverte d'un voile, qui lui descend jusqu'a la
ceinture et assise sur un lion qui, la gueule beante,
est debout a gauche, tient de la g. leve'e un objet
incertain (trois epis ou trois fleurs ? 3 ). Devant
astre, derriere - (> nn37). Devant le lion
A. Grenetis. PL VI. No. 2.
^i. 5. 7 80 gr. Didrachme fourre. Ma collection.
Autre, 7 90 gr. Lenormant, Catal. Behr. n. 681,
grave a rebours PL II. 1 ; De Vogue, " Journ.
Asiat,," x. 1867, p. 131 ; " Melanges d'Archeol.
Orient.," p. 47, vignette. Sur cet exem-
plaire le nom d'Atexandre n'est pas lisible, la
deesse parait tenir une croix ansee et sou nom.
est lu nay par MM. Lenormant et de Vogue.
3, Buste drape de face d'une deesse, les cheveux epars et en
desordre, avec un collier de perles. A gauche
(30) et ^/^Sl' (nnJWO*). Grenetis.
Rev. Personnage, la tete couverte d'une tiare basse, la
main dr. levee, debout a dr. dans un char a deux
chevaux conduit par un aurige, qui porte une
coiffure identique. Dessus jfj ^ ^ (Tl 1 ' . ,) 4 La
ligne de 1'exergue est double. Grenetis. ^ (])
en contremarque sur la cuisse du eheval.
2 La lecon ^2"13, proposee par M. Blau, ne me semble pas
pouvoir etre admise, parce qu'elle est en contradiction avec la
legende du second didrachme.
3 De Vogiie, " Melang.," p. 69.
4 La legende ne peut gucre avoir consiste en plus de cinq
lettres.
MONNAIES D'HIERAPOLIS EN SYRIE. 105
Al. 5. 7 95 gr. Ma collection. C'est a 1'amitie de
M. Imhoof-Bluiner, que je dois cette precieuse
monnaie qu'il venait d'acquerir et qu'il a bien
voulu me ceder. PI. VI. No. 3.
4. Buste drape a gauche d'Atergatis, coiffee d'un calathos'
tres-orne, les cheveux nattes tombant sur ses
epaules, avec collier de perles. Derriere n O
(30), devant /\/-,. . . . (nnsnTO). Grenetis.
Rev. Le bige du didrachme precedent tourne a g. Le
personnage dans le char porte la cidaris crenelee
et un ample vetement. Dessus Tim^E. Gre-
netis.
N en contremarque sur la cuisse du cheval.
M. 5. 8 50 gr. Collection de Luynes, " Revue
Num.," 1850, p. 130, PI. XI. ; Waddington,
" Revue Num.," 1861, p. 9, PL II. 2 ; Head,
" Coins of Lydia and Persia," p. 44, PI. III.
10; Brandis, p. 431. PI. VI. No. 4.
5. Buste de face d'Atergatis, coiffee du calathos orne de cre-
neaux en pierreries, 6 les cheveux nattes tombant
sur ses epaules, avec collier de perles. A g.
HO (30), a dr. nnsnro.
Rev. Pretre barbu, vetu d'une longue robe et coiffe d'un
bonnet conique ceint d'un diademe, qui en
depend, se tient debout a g., la main dr. levee,
devant un thymiaterion, dans un temple distyle.
Derriere lui Tirm^ et \J (la ?)
M. 5. 6 73 gr. Didrachme fourre. Coll. de Luynes,
"Choix de Monn. Grecq.," PL XI. 24,
" Satrap.," p. 89, PL V. ; Waddington, ''Revue
Num.," 1861, p. 9, PL II. 1 ; Brandis, p. 431.
5 Macrob., " Sat." i. 17, 67.
6 La remarque de Gesenius dans son lexique, que la significa-
tion premiere de rhlPEtp, creneaux, est rayons solaires, m'induit
a penser que les rayons qu'Atergatis portait autour de la
tete, d'apres Lucien, " Dea Syria," c. 32, KOL ITTI rrj Ke(j)a\rj
aKTlvas re 0ope'et KOL Trvpyov, etc., avaient la forme de cre*neaux,
tels qu'on les voit en effet entourer le haut du calathos sur ce
cinquieme didrachme.
106 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
L'attribution de tous ces didrachmes a Bambyce est,
sinon certaine, au moins tres-probable. Le culte d'Ater-
gatis e*tait tellement concentre dans cette ville sainte,
qu' encore sous les empereurs remains le nom de la deesse
syrienne s'y lit sur presque toutes les monnaies. On
retrouve aussi sur ces bronzes le type de la deesse assise
eur le lion que montre le second didrachme.
Une autre preuve est fournie par le costume d'Abd-
Hadad sur le cinquieme didrachme. II est vetu exacte-
ment comme 1'etaient les grands-pretres de Bambyce 7 et
puisqu'il n'est pas douteux qu'Abd-Hadad etait grand-
pretre d'Atergatis et en outre dynaste d'une ville en
Syrie, il serait difficile de trouver une autre ville que
Bambyce, ou il ait pu etre investi de cette double
dignite.
Les deux premiers didrachmes sont contemporains.
Les legeudes sont les memes. Les types du droit de Tun
et du revers de 1'autre ont etc copies d'apres ceux des
stateres ciliciens aux legendes T~inb2?n et ^"1T?2 CD, 8 frappes
du temps des derniers rois de Perse, et puisque le nom
d'Alexandre a e*te reconnu dans Tinscription ")l3DDbs par
Levy, 9 Brandis 10 et par M. Blau, 11 ces didrachmes ap-
partiennent a Tepoque entre 333 et 311, que ce soit
Alexandre le Grand ou bien son fils Aegus qui soit
designe par la legende.
Brandis a le premier donne la transcription du nom de
la deesse, qu'il lit tannr. Cette epigraphe se decompose
en nnr, A the et to. Athe a ete reconnue comme le nom
7 Lucian., I.e., c. 42.
8 De Luynes, " Satr.," PI. IV., V., n. 18 ; Brandis, p. 430.
9 " Zeitschr. d. D. Morg. Gesellsch.," xviii. p. 102 1 .
10 Brandis, p. 430.
11 " Num. Zeitschr.," viii., 1876, p. 235.
MONNAIES D'HIERAPOLIS EN SYRIE. 107
d'une divinite par M. le Conite M. de Yogiie 12 et par
d'autres orientalistes, 13 dans les noms propres SWOT =
Za/35ea0t/9, ^naTO et npBTO = ' AOyaKapos, fournis par
les inscriptions de Palmyre 14 et dans la terminaison du
nom d'Atergatis. Athe est mentionnee sous la forme VI37
dans le fragment syriaque de Meliton, public par
M. Cureton, 15 comme un personnage mystique de 1'Adia-
bene, que les Syriens adoraient.
ta me semble etre 1'initiale de nnito, bonne, bienveil-
lante, epithete qui convient parfaitement a la de"esse
syrienne que Movers a demontre avoir ete veneree sous le
nom de Bona Dea. 16 (nsi)lD HTO est done ' Array a6}j,
Atta la bonne. 17 Le ID place dans le champ du droit
devant Baal doit etre explique de la meme maniere.
Dans beaucoup descriptions palmyreennes, 18 la divinite
n'est designee que par wanmi 2E, le bon et le miseri-
cordieux, et si 1'inscription n. 3 rend les mots
nn^nnrbi wrbp b)nDb()b par
teal Tv\ij Qai/jLtios KCLI ('A.Tep)yaTei Trarpwots OBOLS,
c'est que les dieux n'etaient bons et bienfaisants que pour
le peuple qui leur etait consacre.
Une forme grecque du nom d'Athe semble avoir ete
Fern?. C'est ce qui parait ressortir du passage d'Anti-
12 " Syrie centrale, Inscr. Semit.," p. 11, 63.
13 Noeldeke, Z. d. D. M. G.," xxix. p. 92.
14 <4 Inscr. Semit.," n. 5, 19, 63, 76, 107 ; 30; 66.
15 Kenan, Mem. sur Sanchoniathon, " Acad. d. Inscr.," xxiii.
2, p. 322325.
16 Movers, " Phcen.," i. p. 307, 600 ; v. Steph. Byz., s. v.
AaoStKeta. aOas St 6 Oeos . . OVTOJS ^tAcay.
17 Hesychius: 'Arrayddty, 'A6apa Trapa rw SavOu. C'est ainsi
que je m' explique le changeinent de 'A.rrapa.&-q, v. Noeldeke,
I.e., p. 109, en 'Arrayn^.
lb "Inscr. Semit," n. 73118.
108 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
pater de Tarse conservee par Athenee. 19 Car si la deesse
n'avait pas etc* nominee Gatis aussi bien qu'Atergatis, la
plaisauterie n'aurait eu aucune raison d'etre et Anti-
pater n'aurait pu soutenir, meme pour se moquer des
Syriens, que le noin d'Atergatis ne provenait que d'une
erreur.
M. de Vogue voit dans Athe un derive de n37, terapus
opportunum, qui designerait un genie bienfaisant, sorte
de Bonus Eventus. 20 Mais le nom de la grande deesse des
Syriens doit avoir une signification moins restreinte et
d'un ordre plus eleve. Une autre explication, deja en-
trevue par Levy, 21 m'a ete communiquee par M. M. J. de
Goeje. nnv, Atta, est une forme contracted de nn337,
Anata, Antuv, feminin de Anu, 22 le dieu babylonien que
Damascius place a la tete de la triade des grands dieux
'Ayo?, "IXXtyo? et 'AoV 23
Cette explication me semble en tous points conforme
aux donnees historiques. Lorsque le roi d'Egypte
Ramses II conclut avec Khetasar, le grand chef des
19 Athen., "Deipn.," viii. 37, p. 346. ' AvTiTrarpos 6
Atyecr^ou 0r/o~c Trpos Ttvwv, ort Farts f] TOJV 2v
oi/rcos 7jv oi/^o^)ayos, <2<TT Kr]pvai arcp TartSos ^Bev
VTT' dyvotas oe TOVS TroXXoO? avrrjv JJLEV 'Arepyartj/ 6i/o/xa^etv, i
Se aTTt'^eo-^at.
20 "Inscr. Semit.," p. 11. II y a encore une forme mas-
culine NH37 et P&, qui est rendue en Grec par v E^aos et
peut-etre par "A^as, v. Noeldeke, " Zeitschr. d. D. Morg.
Gesellsch.," xxiv. p. 92 1 , et Meier, ibid., xxxi. p. 731.
21 "Phoen. Stud.," iv. p. 7 ; v. cependant Lenormant, " Cos-
mog. de Berose," p. 120.
22 Schrader, " Zeitschr. d. D. M. Gesell.," xxvii. p. 404 ;
Lenormant, "Stud. d. Syllab. Cuneif.," 1877, p. 13 ; " Cos-
niogr. de Berose," p. 148. Le nom etrusque d'Aphrodite,
Turan, serait Tur Anu, fille d'Anu, d'apres M. Finzi, " Antich.
Assira," p. 505.
23 Damascius, "De pr. princip.," p. 125; Finzi, p. 467;
Leuormant, p. 65.
MONNAIES D'HIERAPOLIS EN SYRIE. 109
Khetas, le celebre traite de paix, les deux principales
divinites des Syriens, mentionnees dans le document, sont
Set et Antarta. 24 La premiere moitie de ce nom, An-
tarta, repond a nar. En meme temps les monuments
de la XYIII me dynastie egyptienne donnent les images
de Set et d'Anta ou Anata, dont le culte avait etc
introduit de Syrie en Egypte sous les Ramessides. Sous
le nom d' Anata la deesse est figuree, sur ces steles,
assise, vetue et armee ; 25 sous le nom de Qadesch et de Ken
elle est de face et debout sur un lion, 26 comme elle est
assise sur cet animal au revers du second didrachme.
Enfin sous le regne de Ptolemee Soter une inscription
bilingue de Lapithos en Chypre commence ainsi : D N n TO
na^b, ce que le texte grec rend par AOHNAI ZHTHPI
NIKHI, d'ou Ton pourrait deduire, que le mot 'A6ava
etait considere alors comme une inversion de 'Aj/a0a. 27
Anta ou Atta est done bien 1'ancien et le principal nom
de la deesse syrienne et c'est par 1'addition de celui de la
grande deesse des Assyriens Istar, qu'a ete forme le nom
d'Atergatis, qui etait le plus connu du temps de Strabon, 28
de Pline, 29 et de Macrobe, 30 et que donne une inscription
bilingue de Palmyre. 31 Car M. Noeldeke a constate, 32
24 Chabas, " Voyage d'un Egyptien," p. 338, 343. Antarta
(? rm na^) est rendu en Grec par 'AOapa, Hesych. s. v.
'ATTa.ya.6r). Strabo, xvi. 4, 27.
25 De Vogue, " Melang.," p. 45 ; Lajard, " Culte de Venus,"
PL XIV. F.
26 Lajard, I.e., PL XIV. F., " Culte du cypres," PL XL, et
surtout p. 167182.
27 De Vogue, " Melang.," p. 3676 ; Levy, " Phoen. Stud.,"
iv., p. 6, 7.
28 Strabon, xvi. 1, 27 ; 4, 27.
29 Plin., " H. N. V.," 23, 19.
30 Macrob., "Sat."!. 23,18.
31 " Inscr. Semit.," n. 8.
32 " Zeitschr. d. D. M. G.," xxiv. p. 92.
VOL. XVIII. N.S. Q
110 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
que -ITO est la forme arame'enne re"guliere pour
qui se trouve dans le nom du dieu Moabite ttfttinnitf^ de
la stele de Dhiban e"rigee par le roi Me"sa de Moab 33 et ce
nom -intpy, devenu mnttfr, Astarte, par 1'addition de la
terminaison feminine, 34 est la transcription exacte de
1'assyrien Istar. C'est done peut-etre lorsque les rois
d'Assyrie eurent conquis le territoire des Hettites de
Syrie et quand Bambyce fut devenu une ville assyrienne,
que la de"esse syrienne recut le double nom Istar- Anata
ou Atergatis. Ceci pouvait se faire d'autant plus aisement
que les rapports entre Istar et Anat etaient si intimes, 35
qu'Istar est nominee directement Spouse d'Anu dans un
texte traduit par GK Smith. 36 De M vient aussi que les
poissons Etaient consacres a Atergatis, 37 car Anu est re-
presente sur les bas-reliefs assyriens, comme le decrivent
I3e"rose et Helladius, moitie" poisson et moitie homme. 38
33 K. Schlottmann, " Zeitschr. d. D. M. G.," xxiv. p. 649.
34 V. cependant Lenormant, 1. c., p. 117. Suivant M. Fr.
Delitzsch dans G. Smith's " Chaldaeische Genesis," 1876, p.
273 280, le mot Istar n'est pas d'origine Semitique, mais a
ete emprunte, comme tant d'autres mots, a Fidiome de la popu-
lation primitive de la Chaldee.
35 Gelzer, zur Cultus der Assyrischen Aphrodite, dans Lep-
sius, "Zeitschr. f. ^Egypt. Sprache," xiii., 1875, p. 128 134.
Istar est aussi portee sur un lion, Lenormant, 1. c., p. 116 ;
Lajard, " Culte de Venus," PL IV. 12.
36 "Assyrian Discoveries," p. 400.
37 Athen., " Deipn.," viii. 37, p. 346. Mvacreas 8 / oevrepa)
Trepi 'Acr/as <f>r)crlv OUTCOS* ep-ol p.ev rj 'ArepyaTis SOKCI ^a\fjrrj
/3affL\Lcrcra yeyovevat Kat ran/ Xaoiv o-KX^pws tTreo-rar^Kei/ai, wcrre
KCU a.Trovop.io'o.i avrois l\6vv pr) ecr^i'civ, dAAa TT/JOS GLVTYJV avafpepew,
Sia TO dpecrai avTrj TO /3pa>/u,a, Kai Sia Tt5Se VO^^JLOV en Sta/xeVetv,
7rav ev<t)VTa.L rrj $<3, i^^vs apyvpovs r) \pvo-ovs avariOevai' TOVS
Se ifpttQ 7rao"av rj/Jiepav TV) Ofip aXrjOivovs IxGvs eirl TYJV rpaTr^av
oJ^OTroi^rra/jieVovs TrapaTi^evat, e0#ovs T 6/xoiws Kat OTTTOV?, ov<s Srj
avTol KaravaXifTKovcnv ol rrjg Oeov tepets.
38 Beros. "Fragrn.," i. 3 ; Helladius ap. Phot. "Bibl.," Cod.
MONNAIES D'HIERAPOLIS EN SYRIE. Ill
Le Baal, qui siege en s'appuyant sur son sceptre au
droit du second didrachme, est bien le dieu que Lucien 39
designe par le nom de Zeus. Son nom syrien 40 ne nous a
pas ete transmis par cet ecrivain. Cependant Movers,
avec sa perspicacite habituelle, a demontre par d'inge-
nieux rapprochements, qu'un de ses noms doit avoir ete
Kivan, }YO 41 et le troisieme didrachme vient confirmer
pleinement cette heureuse hypothese. Cette fois, en effet,
le nom de la de'esse est nnraw, compose de nro et de
713^ et ce dernier mot Yekun, deja connu par un passage
du livre de Henoch, cite par Movers, 42 ii'est qu'une autre
forme de }TO. Les deux expressions Yekun et Kivan ou
Kevan, en Assyrien Kaivanu, 43 designent e*galement le
dieu de la planete Saturne, le Kpovos qui mange ses
enfants, sur lequel Movers a longuement disserte en
rassemblant toutes les notices dispersees dans lesquelles il
est question de cette divinite*. 44
279, p. 1593. "On /x,u0oA,oyt avSpa rwa o>vo/>ia<r/>i'oi/ '
r aAAa /xti/ TCOV ftcXoij/ l^Ovos e^ovra, K</>aA.^)/ 8e Kat Tr
xetpas avBp6<s- Lenormant, " Cosm. de Berose," p. 59.
39 Lucian., "D. Syr.," c. 31. Kat TOV avrol Aia lovra Tfpa>
C'est lui, sans doute, qui est designe par le Hadran,
dont la statue a Mabug est mentionnee dans le fragment de
Meliton, Eenan, 1. c., p. 324, 325. Sur un bronze d'Hadru-
metum Mueller, " Num. de 1'anc. Afrique," ii. p. 52, n. 29, p.
57 ; Suppl., p. 42 se voit 1'image d'un dieu barbu, tenant
des epis et coiffe d'un calathos pareil a celui que porte Atergatis
et accoste de Finscription HADRVM, lequel, comme eponyme
de la ville, ne peut guere avoir porte d'autre nom que Hadran
ou 'ASpavo's, comme le nomme un bronze des Mamertins.
Voyez sur Hadranos, Holm, " Geschichte Siciliens," i. p. 94,
377 ; Movers, i. p. 340.
41 Movers, i. p. 309, 318, 634, 674.
42 Ibid., p. 291.
43 Finzi, 1. c., p. 472, 514, 515; Lenormant, 1. c., p. 373;
Haigh, " Zeitschr. f. ^Eg. Spr.," xv., 1877, p. 68.
44 Movers, i. p. 173, 185, 254, 354. On sacrifiait des enfants
112 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Mais s'il n'est que juste de trouver Baal Kevan men-
tionne sur les monnaies frappees a Bambyce, il est tres-
curieux de voir Yekun, joint a Atta, ne former qu'un seul
nom pour designer une deesse. Ceci demontre encore une
fois qu'Atergatis etait une divinite androgyne, comme Pa
deja conclu, apres d'autres, M. Gelzer des expressions
d'une tablette assyrienne, qui resume les rapports mys-
tiques de la planete Venus avec les autres astres, selon
qu'elle se montre avant le lever ou apres le coucner du
soleil. 45
Cette nature androgyne de Petre supreme est exprimee
sur quelques monnaies syriennes, 46 conformement aux
donnees de Sancboniatbon et de Berose, 47 par une tete
virile et barbue adossee a une tete de femme et ne formant
avec elle qu'une seule tete, double comme celle de Janus.
Sur le didrachme qui nous occupe on ne voit que la tete
de la deesse, mais elle est de face, ce qui fait qu'on peut la
au Zeus d'Hierapolis, Lucien, c. 58. II ne me semble pas
improbable que la ville d'lconium fondee, d'apres Suidas, s. v.
Me'Soucm, par Persee, derive son nom de 7*O\ Steph. Byz.
S. V. '1/coViov, TrdXis AvKCuWas TT/OOS rots opens rov Tavpov. 3>ao-i
8'oTt r)V TL<S Al/VdKOS, OS C^(TV VTTep TO, TpiO-KOVTOL fTV). yVO/XVOD
Se TOV KaTa/cXvcr/xoi) CTTI AeuKaXtWos 6 Zeus t/ceXevcre TW Hpo/JirjOfL
Kal rrj 'AOrjva et8a>Xa dvaTrXaffat IK TOV Tr^XoO, etc. Cette
legende est evidemment emprantee ^, la cosmogonie Babyloni-
enne, ce qui est conforme a 1'influence que les Assyriens
doivent avoir exercee en Asie Mineure, ou leur domination s'est
etendue fort loin, v. Gelzer, " Zeitschr. f. ^Eg. Spr.," xii. p.
114 s., xiii. p. 14 s. Annacos ou Nannacos, v. Lenormant, 1. c.,
p. 281, est peut-etre 1'Assyrien Anunnaki ou Anunki Lenor-
mant, p. 131, 132. Delitzsch, 1. c., p. 268; comp. Movers, i.
p. 94.
45 Gelzer, 1. c., xiii. p. 128, 134; Delitzsch, 1. c., p. 271.
Les objections de M. Meier, " Z. d. D. M. G.," xxxi. p. 730 s.,
me paraissent peu fondees.
* 6 "Num. Chron.," N.S., xvii. p. 221, 18; p. 227, n. 32.
47 Philo Bybl., 2, 20, p. 5G9, cd. Mueller ; Beros. i. 4, p. 497,
ed. Mueller.
113
supposer adossee a une tete virile tournee de 1'autre cote
et par la invisible, qui n'a pu etre indiquee que par la
legende.
La grande ressemblance de cette tete de face avec celle
des stateres ciliciens de Pharnabaze et de Datame, pent
faire supposer, que sur ces stateres est aussi represented
Anaitis, dont le culte, adopte par le roi de Perse Ar-
taxerxes Mne"mon, fut e*tabli par lui dans tout son
empire. 48
Les cheveux de la deesse sont en desordre et flottent
dans toutes les directions, comme s'ils e"taient agites par le
vent ou par Pebranlement d'une course rapide, 49 tandis
qu'ils sont arranges avec soin sur les autres didrachmes.
L'explication de cette particularity a encore ete donne'e
par Movers, 50 lorsqu'il demontre qu'a cot4 de pD\ symbole
de la stabilite permanente de 1'univers, est plac TOi, qui
denote le mouvement, le changement continuel de toutes
choses, pour exprimer que I' union de ces deux principes
opposes, stabilite et mouvement, se trouve accomplie dans
Tetre supreme et unique, origine et regulateur de toute
vie et de tous les mouvements cosmiques et, en me'me
temps, celui qui maintient Punivers a la place qu'il lui a
assignee et les corps celestes dans les orbites qu'il leur a
tracees. Le nom du dieu supreme en Syrie est Hadad,
1'unique, comme traduit Macrobe. 51 C'est " A8w8o?, le roi
48 Beros. iii. 16, p. 509, M ; Lenormant, 1. c., p. 149 s.
49 De Luynes, " Eecherch. sur la culte d'Hecate," p. 5.
60 Movers, i. p. 293.
51 Macrob., " Sat." i. 23, 17. Deo enim quern summum maxi-
mumque venerantur Adad nomen dederunt. Eius nominis inter-
pretatio significat unus unus. Hunc ergo ut potentissimum
adorant deum. Philo Bybl. 5, p. 571, M. wov e^tov /xoi'oyev^,
ov 8ia TOVTO 'leSovS' IfcaAow, rov /xovoycvovs ovrtos ert /cat vvv
irapa rots <J>owi. En effet, suivant M. Fr. De-
114 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
des dieux, selon Philon de Byblos; 52 'A8ooiW, le dicu
androgyne phrygien ; 53 "A8aSo9, d'ou descendent les rois
de Damas. 54 Un cylindre, sur lequel son image est gravee,
donne I'orthographe en Syrien Trn. 55 C'est le dieu dont
se dit serviteur le TtrrOB des deux derniers didrachmes.
Sur le revers du troisieme didrachme est represente un
personnage de haut rang, tout pareil a FAbd-Hadad de
la monnaie suivante, sauf qu'il ne porte pas la cidaris
royale et qu'il parait avoir la tete couverte de la tiare
ordinaire des Perses, ce qui ne se laisse pas distinguer
nettement. La tiare de 1'aurige est plus distincte. Du
nom de ce dynaste il ne reste que la desinence TP, mais
comme le seul nom propre, qui se termine par ces trois
lettres, est, a ma connaissance du moins, VVOtP, et qu'il y
a place dans le champ pour deux lettres environ et meme
des traces d'une lettre, qui peut fort bien avoir e"te un E,
il n'est pas hasarde, ce me semble, d'assigner provi-
soirement au dynaste le nom de TPBU7, Schamyathi,
La date parait etre (30), la meme que celle qui se
voit sur les didrachmes suivants. Elle ne peut guere
etre rapportee qu'a Pere de la conquete de la Syrie par
litzsch, 1. c., p. 278, idu signifie un en Assyrian, v. Sayce,
" Elem. Assyr. Grammar," p. 55; "Z. d. D. M. Ges.," xxvii.,
p. 696.
62 Philo Bybl., 2, 24, p. 569, M. "ASwSos /Jao-tXcvs 6cwi/.
53 Hesych., 'ASaSous ^eos rts Trapa 3>pvl /caAetTat e/3/xa^poSiTos.
64 Nicolaus Damasc., fr. 31 ; Joseph. " Antiq.," vii. 5, 2 ; ix.
4 6.
' K De Vogiie, " Melang.," p. 121, PL VII. 24 ; Levy, " Siegel
und Gemmen," p. 6.
56 Voyez 1'inscription du bas-relief e"gyptien publie par
Gesenius, " Scr. ling, phoen. monn.," t. 29, Ixxii. p. 322, 467 ;
Judas, "Etud. Dem.," p. 131, 132; Levy, "Phcen. Wcerterb.,"
s. v. "Corp. Inscr. Gr.," n. 2534.
MONNAIES D'HTERAPOLIS EN SYRTE. 115
Alexandra, 57 puisque le nom du roi de Mace*doine se lit
sur les deux premiers didrachraes, qui pre*sentent trop
d'analogie avec les autres pour leur etre de beaucoup
poste'rieurs ou anterieurs en date. Si le regne d'Alex-
andre a commence pour la Syrie en 332, 58 Tan 30 tombe
en 303. Antigone residait alors en Syrie et y resta
jusqu'a Fanne'e suivante quand, a la nouvelle que Lysi-
maque avait envahi ses tats, il partit ei la tete de
ses troupes, pour pe'rir a la bataille d'Ipsus en 301. ^
II faut done qu'Abd-Hadad, le grand-pretre et dynaste,
qui sur les deux derniers didrachmes s'est fait repr^senter
dans les deux costumes convenants a sa double dignite*
religieuse et civile, ait e*te* reconnu par Antigone, comme
un prince tout a fait inde'pendant. Sans cela il n'aurait
pas ose* se faire graver, d'abord avec un long diademe
royal dependant de son haut bonnet conique, puis avec la
cidaris crenelle des anciens rois de Perse. II me semble
tres-probable qu' Antigone, par crainte de Ptolemee et de
Seleucus, qui s'etaient allies avec Lysimaque, aura accorde*
ou confirme de grands privileges au sanctuaire le plus
venere en Syrie, afin de retenir la population indigene a
sa cause pendant qu'il faisait la guerre au loin, et le grand-
pretre se sera hate de faire parade de sa souverainete en
ordonnant une emission d'especes a son effigie. Ceci aura
eu lieu a la fin de la trentieme annee, correspondant au
commencement de 302. Dans la premiere partie de la
trentieme annee, fin de 303, devra etre place le troisieme
didrachme, qui porte le nom de Schamyathi, predecesseur
57 M. Waddington rapporte la date au regne d'Artaxerxe
Mnemon, dont la 30 me annee tombe en 375, "Rev. Num.,"
1861, p. 11.
58 "Num. Chron.," N.S., xvii. p. 183.
39 Droysen, " Geschichte des Hellenismus," i. p. 522 s.
116 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
d'Abd-Hadad dans la charge sacerdotale, car Lucien nous
informe, qu'a Hierapolis on avait la coutume d'elire
chaque annee un autre grand-pretre, qui revetait alors la
pourpre et ceignait son bonnet pointu d'un diademe d'or. 60
Sur les premiers didrachmes il n'est pas encore question
de ces personnages, qui comme tant d'autres, profiterent
de la dissension des diadoches pour se rendre indepen-
dants. Le roi regnant Alexandre est seul inscrit en toutes
lettres et si un autre personnage est indique par le A
grec, 61 qui se voit dans le champ, ce doit etre un Grec
et bien probablement Demetrius, le fiis d'Antigone,
qui charge par son pere du commandement de 1'armee,
aura eu besoin d'argent, en 312, apres sa defaite par
Ptole"mee pres de Gaza, pour reparer les pertes qu'il avait
essuye*es. 62 Qui sait s'il n'a pas accord e quelque privilege
au temple de Bambyce contre une forte somme de di-
drachmes a 1'effigie de la deesse ? Peut-etre aussi n'est-ce
qu'a titre d'emprunt, qu'il s'est approprie une partie des
tresors consacres dans le temple.
De leur cote les pretres de Bambyce semblent avoir pas
mal profite du droit de monnayage, qu'ils venaient peut-
etre d'acquerir, en emettant des pieces fourrees dans le
plus grand nombre possible. Sans cela il serait etonnant
que des six exemplaires retrouves jusqu'ici, trois au moins
60 Lucian., C. 42. /ecu TriAov CTTL rr) KeffraXrj c^ovcri. ctp^ipeus Sc.
(.KOLCTTOV ereo? 7riy/yvTat. Hop<f>vper)v Be /x-ouj'os ovros
^>opeci, /cat Tidpr) ^pvair) dvaSeerai.
61 Quelques tetradrachmes ciliciens, au lion, portent aussi
pour toute inscription, tantot le monogramme d'Antigone, JR. 6,
Catal. Greppo, n. 1100, PL III. ; M, 6, 16 48 =260 9 , Leake, " As.
Gr.," p. 127, tantot le A de Demetrius ? M. 6, 17 02 , Cat. Behr.,
n. 687 ; JR. 5, 17, coll. de 1'univers. de Leide ; JR. 5, Cat.
Rollin et Feuardent, n. 5922, Cat. Subhi Pacha, 1878, n.
859.
62 Droysen, 1. c., i. p. 374.
MONNAIES D'HIERAPOLIS EN SYRIE. 117
soient fourres et qu'il n'y en ait qu'un dont le poids
atteigne 8 50 grammes. A moins done que I'hypothese
que je viens de proposer ne soit denuee de tout fondement,
la serie monetaire de Bambyce aura commence sous le
regne nominal d'Alexandre Aegus, peu apres qu' Antigone
se fut rendu maitre de la Syrie en 315, pour finir vers
301, 63 quand cette contree passa a Seleucus Nicator.
Celui-ci n'aurait pu tolerer, a si peu de distance de sa
capitale Antioche, un dynaste riche et parfaitement inde-
pendant, qui etait en me"me temps le souverain pontife de
la divinite la plus veneree par la population indigene de
ses etats. Aussi nous reste-t-il des indices suffisants pour
reconnaitre la maniere dont Seleucus s'y prit pour se sou-
mettre les pretres de Bambyce. Elien dit qu'il changea
le nom de la ville en Hierapolis. 64 Lucien raconte en
detail, comment le roi envoya sa femme Stratonice* pour
batir a ses frais un nouveau temple suivant le modele
grec et comment la reine se fit initier aux actes religieux
et prit part aux ceremonies, que celebraient les Syriens en
1'honneur de leur deesse. 65 Toutefois cet ecrivain n'a pas
fait ressortir et il aura eu ses raisons pour ne pas le faire,
que ce Combab, dont Stratonice se passionne, n'est aussi,
63 Droysen, 1. c., i. p. 338 s. II n'est pas superflu,peut-etre,
de remarquer, que les tetradrachmes, qu'il est d'usage de classer
a Antigone, le roi d'Asie et qui, dans ce cas, auraient ete
frappes en Syrie entre 306 et 302, me semblent etre d'une
date plus recente et provenir d'un atelier de Macedoine ou
d'Asie Mineure. L'Apollon, assis sur la proue, parait con-
temporain de 1'Apollon assis sur 1'omplialos des tetradrachmes
d'Antiochus I. et II. La tete de Poseidon a servi de modele
pour plusieurs monnaies macedoniennes. Aussi je classerais
plus volontiers ces tetradrachmes au fils de Demetrius, qu'a
son pere.
64 Aelian., " Hist. An.," xii. 2.
65 Lucian., c. 1727.
VOL. XVIII. N.S. K
118 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
comme Movers Pa reconnu, 66 que le dieu Baal Kevan lui-
meme, avec lequel la reine contracte une union mystique,
qui fait d'elle une nouvelle Atergatis, lui donne tous les
droits de la deesse et la rend souveraine a Hierapolis, qui
devient depuis lors une ville grecque. 67 C'est de cette
facon, si je ne me trompe, que Seleucus a fait rentrer sous
sa domination tout un district de la Syrie, qui menacait
de lui echapper et qui plus tard, quand les rois de Syrie
eurent perdu leur puissance, devint encore une fois un
petit etat separe, re"gi par Denys, fils d'Heracleon. 68
Antiochus IY parait avoir accorde ou confirme a
Hierapolis les droits monetaires. Mionnet enregistre
quelques bronzes, frappes sous le regne de ce roi 69
et celui d'Alexandre Bala, 70 qui portent la legende
lEPOflOAITHN et sur lesquels ne manquent pas le
taureau et le lion, 71 symboles des grands dieux syriens,
dont les caracteres opposes sont exprimes par la lutte de
leurs animaux sacres sur le premier didrachme. Puis,
apres un long intervalle, viennent les monnaies imperiales,
qui commencent sous Trajan pour durer jusque sous les
66 Movers, i. p. 687.
67 Ainsi que Stratonice a Hera, Seleucus et son fils Antiochus
furent assimiles a Zeus et a Apollon, les autres grands dieux
d'Hierapolis. Lucian., c. 35. v. " Corp. Inscr. Graec.," n.
4458. IEPEIZ ZEAEYKOY AIOZ NIKATOPOZ KAI
ANTIOXOY AnOAAflNOZ ZI2THPOZ. A ces sur-
noms correspondent les types monetaires de ces rois.
68 Strabo, xvi. II. 7. Trpbs <o 6 Ev^parrys eVrt Kai fj
Kal rj Bepoia KOL 7] 'Hpa/cXeta TTJ 'Avrto^eia, TroXi^vta
7TOT6 VTTO &IOVV(TIOV TOV 'HpttKAtWo?. BU\L 8' f) ' lApa.
ctKoo"t TOV TI}S 'AOrjvas lepov T^S Kvppi^crTtSos.
69 Mion., v. p. 39, n. 340 ; p. 138, n. 36, 36 bis -
70 Ibid., p. 55, n. 480.
71 Un lion se voit encore aux pieds d'Apollon sur un tetra-
drachme de Seleucus II. Duane, " Coins of the Seleuc.,"
PI. III. 22 ; Mion., Suppl. viii. p. 15, n. 87.
MONNAIES D'HIERAPOLIS EN SYRIE. 119
Philippe. Ces bronzes n'ont souvent pour type que le
nom de la deesse syrienne, entoure d'une couronne.
D'autrefois on la voit assise sur le lion ou entre deux
lions, 72 accompagnee, comme autrefois, d'une legende ex-
plicative, 06AC CYPIAC lePAnOAITON. 73 Du
temps des empereurs Hadrien et Antonin le pieux, la
suite imperiale est interrompue deux fois par des monnaies
autonomes aux types d'Antioche et aux dates de Fere
des Seleucides 447, 457, 471, 473 (135, 145, 159, 161
apres J.-C.), 74 mais les pieces les plus interessantes sont
celles qu'ont publiees Pellerin et Neumann :
AYT . KAI . MAP . AYP . C . AA CB.
Buste a dr. d'Alexandre Severe avec le diademe
radie et le paludamentum.
Bev. SOI CYPIAC (lePOn)OAITnN. Edicule
surmonte d'une colombe et dans lequel est placee
une aigle legionnaire. A g. Baal-Kevan barbu,
vetu d'une longue tunique, le calathos en tete,
un sceptre dans la dr., est assis entre deux
taureaux. A dr. Atergatis, vetue et coiflfee de
meme, dans la dr. sceptre, dans la g. fuseau(?),
est assise entre deux lions. A 1'exergue lion
passant a dr.
^E. 8. Cab. de Vienne ; Neumann, " Numi. vet.
ined.," ii. p. 74 80, tab. iii. 2; Eckhel,
. "D. N. V.," iii. p. 262 ; Mion., v. p. 141, n. 54 ;
Lajard, " Culte de Venus," p. 128, PI. III. B,
n. 1.
IOYAIA MAM6A C6BAC Buste diademe a dr.,
avec le croissant.
73 Macrob., " Sat." i. 23, 20. Sub eodem (Adargatidis) simul-
acro species leonum sunt. De Vogue, " Melang.," p. 68, Vign.
73 Mion., v. p. 139 s, n. 3739; S. viii. p. 110, n. 3460.
74 Eckhel, " D. N. V.," iii. p. 261 s. ; Mion., v. p. 138, n. 33,
35 ; S. viii. p. 109, n. 2833.
120 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Rev. 06AC (CYPIAC !6POn)OAITnN. Meme
revers et meme lion a 1'exergue.
M. 7. Catal. Greau, n. 2457.
AYT. K. M. A. ANTJQN6INOC CB. Bustelaure
de Caracalla a dr., avec le paludamentum.
Rev. AHMAPX . H . YF1ATOC TO A. Meme
type. A 1'exergue aigle de face, les ailes eploy-
ees, la tete tournee a droite.
JR. 8. . . . Pellerin, "Melanges," i. p. 189, PL
VIII. 12. Eckhel, 1. c., p. 296, croit ce tetra-
drachme frappe a Antioche, dont 1'atelier
serait designe par 1'aigle, qui remplace le lion
a 1'exergue. Cependant 1'aigle pourrait de-
signer le monnayage imperial en argent par
apposition aux especes municipales en bronze.
Le type du revers est conforme a la description qu'a
donnee Lucien 75 des statues en or placees dans le sanc-
tuaire du temple a Hierapolis, sauf 1'aigle legionnaire
posee devant 1'edicule.
Get e"dicule en or, dont le faite est surmonte par une
colombe, est bien ce que Lucien nomme mjfArjiov JE^D, et
que cet auteur a trouve si difficile a decrire, que sa des-
cription n'est pas devenue suffisamment claire pour les
lecteurs de son ouvrage. On 1'identifie, dit Lucien, avec
Se"miramis et cette deesse, dont la colombe est le symbole, 77
75 Lucian., c. 31.
76 Haigh, U Z. f. Aeg. Spr.," xv. p. 38: " Kelying on evi-
dence to the same effect, to be advanced in the sequel, I am
convinced that this symbol of divinity, the most sacred thing
which the Chaldeans knew, was in the form of a pavilion."
Lucian., C. 33 : 'Ei/ /xeo-o) e d/A^ore/acov eo-r^KC 6avov aXXo x/wcrcoj/,
ovSoifjia Toicri aXXoicri ^odvoiai ei/ccXov KaXt'trai 8e (rrjfji-rjiov /cat
VTT' avrtov 'Acrcrvpt'coi/. oi8e cs ^fjitpafjiiv ayoucri. /cat yap 8^| &v CTTI
rrj K0pv<f>f) avrov, Trcpto-repr) xP V(r ^ r ) c^>eo"rryK. aTroS^/xeet 8e Sis
e/cao-Tov ereos S QdXava-av, t'c /co/ut8r)i/ TOV tiirov v'Saros. Cp. C. 13.
Movers, ii. 3, p. 137.
77 Lucian., c. 14 ; Hehn, " Kulturplanzen," p. 241 g.
121
est la fille de Hadad et d'Atergatis ou Derceto, exposee
par sa mere et elevee par le pasteur Sirnmas. 78 C'est
Simi, la fille de Hadad du fragment de Meliton, chargee
de puiser de 1'eau a la mer et de la jeter dans le puits de
Mabug, 79 ce qui correspond au rcit de Lucien et aux
rapports d'Atergatis avec Peau, dont le symbole, les
poissons, lui sont specialement consacres. 80
En meme temps Pellerin a fait graver trois monnaies
en argent, de different module, tetradrachme, didrachme,
et drachm e, qui, a ce qu'il dit, sont de meme fabrique et
ont ete frappes vraisemblablement dans la meme ville.
II y a lieu de croire qu'elles sont aussi de Hierapolis et
que le nom de la ville n'est absent que parce que la fabri-
cation de monnaies en argent etait reservee a Pempereur.
1. AYTOKP . KAIC . NGP . TPAIANOC CB .
F6PM. Tete lauree de Trajan a dr.
Rev. AHMAPX . E . YHAT . B . Buste drape a
dr. d'un dieu barbu, qui, le calathos en tete,
tient de la g. un sceptre, de la dr. un objet
incertain.
M. 7 Pellerin, "Mel.," i. p. 182184, PI.
VIII. 1 ; Mion., vi. p. 691, n. 525.
2. Meme legende et meme tete.
Eev. Meme legende. Buste drape a g. d'une deesse,
coiffee de meme maniere, tenant de la dr. un
sceptre, de la g. un fuseau (?)
JR. 5. . . . Pellerin, n. 2 ; Mion., n. 523.
78 Movers, i. p. 632.
79 Renan, 1. c., p. 324, 325.
80 Athen., " Deipn.," viii. 37, p. 346 : 17 Se ye 'Arepyarts,
Xeyei 6 AvSos, KOLTeTrovTio-Gr) ci/ rfi Trept
122
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
8. AVTOKP . KAIC . NGP . TPAIANOC . CB .
TERM . AAK . Meme tete.
Rev. AHMAPX . H . YHATO . F. Buste drape a
g. d'une deesse, tenant de la dr. sceptre, de la g.
patere.
JR. 4. . . . Pellerin, n. 3 ; Mion., p. 694, n. 548.
Le buste du dieu barbu est pareil, ainsi que Fa vu
Pellerin, a celui du bronze de Hadrumetum, dont il a e"te
question plus haut. Ce doit done etre Hadran, le dieu
syrien. La deesse, coiffee du calathos, est trop semblable
a celle qui est representee sur les deux derniers di-
drachmes de Bambyce, pour ne pas y reconnaitre Ater-
gatis et 1'autre deesse, coiffee en cheveux, comme Atta sur
le premier didrachme represente sans doute la deesse
syrienne sous cette autre forme. Ces monnaies de Trajan
donnent encore une fois une illustration du passage
d'Apulee, ou il est dit, que la grande deesse e"tait venere*e
sous une foule de formes diverses et de noms varies. 81
II est a pre*sumer, qu'il existe encore d'autres monnaies
qui ont fait partie de la serie monetaire si interessante de
Bambyce. Pour le moment je n'en connais pas, mais il
y a quelques pieces, syriennes ou pheniciennes, dont le
lieu d' Emission peut etre cherche dans le nord aussi bien
que dans le sud de 1'ancienne cinquieme satrapie de
Darius. Quoique plusieurs d'entr'elles aient et decrites
dernierement, elles sont assez remarquables pour en dire
encore quelques mots.
81 Apul., " Metam.," xi. p. 257. "En adsum cuius numen
unicum, multiformi specie, ritu vario, nomine multiiugo, totus
veneratur orbis." V. aussi " Corp. Inscr. Latin.," VII. p. 137,
n. 759. " Imminet Leoni Virgo caelesti situ spicifera, iusti in-
ventrix, urbium conditrix, ex quis muneribus nosse contigit
deos. Ergo eadem mater divum, Pax, Virtus, Ceres, dea
Syria, lance vitam et iura pensitans."
MONNAIES D'HIERAPOLIS EN SYRIE. 123
1. Tete & dr. barbue et coiffee d'une tiare (?) Devant la.
R eVf Personnage nu, a dr., combattant un lion dresse
devant lui. Dans le champ n tfl.
JR. 1. O 52 gr. Imhoof-Blumer, "Choix de Mon.
Or.," PL VII. 230; N. Chr.," N.S. xvii., p.
211, n. 7. PI. VI. No. 7.
La nudite de 1'Hercule, qui combat le lion, demontre que
cette monnaie date du temps ou les Grrecs dominaient deja
en Asie. Elle a sans doute ete mal classee parmi les
monnaies attributes a Sidon. Le to, qui s'y lit des deux
cotes, la rapproche des deux premiers didrachmes de
Bambyce, sur lesquels cette lettre revient aussi par deux
fois, apres le nom de la deesse et devant le Baal assis.
L'attribution de cette jolie monnaie a Bambyce serait ce-
pendant hasardee.
2. Lion vu de face, les pattes etendues, servant de support a
une tete colossale barbue, vue de face. Grenetis.
Bev. Tete barbue a g., coiflfee d'un calathos crenele, avec
pendants d'oreille et collier de perles. Grenetis.
Si. H. 61 =lli. Mion., v. p. 645, n. 29; "Rois
Grecs," p. 137, PI. LXV., n. 18. PI. VI.
No. 6.
Cette piece pourrait etre rangee avec quelque raison al
Bambyce, vu 1'analogie de la tete du revers avec celle de
Baal sur le bronze de Severe Alexandre, decrit ci-dessus ;
mais toute hypothese a ce sujet serait denuee de fonde-
ment, tant que le type du droit n'aura pas trouve d* ex-
plication satisfaisante.
Tete barbue a dr., couverte d'un casque corinthien laure,
avec cimier.
Rev. Divinite barbue, le bas du corps et le bras dr.
enveloppes dans un manteau, assis a dr. sur une
124 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
roue ailee. De la g. il tient un epervier. De-
vant lui grande tete barbue a g. Dessus ^^"V
P<"^). Le tout dans un carre creux borde d'un
cordon.
JR. 3. 3 30 gr. Brit. Mus. ; Combe, PI. XIII. 12 ;
De Luynes, " Satr.," PI. IV. 4 ; " N. Chr.,"
N.S. xvii., p. 229, n. 43. PI. VI. No. 8.
La tete du droit est si exactement semblable a celle de
1'Hadranos du bronze des Mamertins, 82 qu'il n'est pas
douteux, qu' encore sur cette monnaie-ci il faille recon-
naitre le dieu syrien Hadran, deja mentionne plus d'une
fois. L'autre divinite, qui lui est associee sur cette
monnaie est, ainsi que la legende 1'indique irp, Jahu,
dieu chaldeen d'apres Lydus i 83 ot XaXtcuoi TOV 0eoV'Iaw
\e<yovaiv, awl TOV <j)a)? vorjrov, Trj <$>OLVLKWV yXwaay.
On a cru retrouver son nom dans le syllabaire assyrien 84 et
c'est a lui que se rapporte Poracle d'Apollon Clarien, con-
serve par Macrobe. 85 La roue ailee, symbole de la course
82 m. 4^-. AAPANOY. Tete barbue d, g. couverte d'un
casque corinthien avec cimier.
Rev. Chien debout a dr. MAMEPTINHN. Catal.
Brit. Mus., Sicily, p. 109, n. 1, 2.
C'est aussi Hadranos, avec 1'aide duquel Timoleon remporta
sa premiere victoire, plutot qu'Archias, qu'il faut reconnaitre
dans la tete barbue et casquee du bronze de Syracuse, qui est
une des premieres monnaies emises par Timoleon en 343.
Head, "Num. Chron.," N.S. xiv., p. 24, PI. VII. 4; Holm.,
"Gesch. Sicil.," ii., pp. 197, 201.
83 Lydus, "De Mens.," iv. 38.
84 Schrader, "Keilschr. u. Alt. Test.," p. 291; " Z. d. D.
M. G.," xxvi. p. 44, n. 685687 ; Finzi, 1. c., p. 446; Haigh,
"Z. f. Aeg. Spr.," xv. p. 39. Ili = Ni = Yau (im) or J (").
M. Sayce, "Elem. Assyr. Gram.," p. 13, n. 139 et M. Fr.
Delitzsch donnent une autre explication a ce passage, v. Baudis-
sin, " Stud. z. Semit. Relig. Gesch.," p. 227.
86 Macrob., " Sat.," i. 18, 20. <pao TOV TTGLVTW TJTTO.TOV Otbv
fp.fj.fv 'law, Xi)u.aTi jj.fi> T 'AtSiyr, Ai'a 8' etapos ap^ofif
Bt Otpevs, [JLtToirvpov 8'dySpov 'laco.
MONN4IES D'IIIKHAPOI.IS KN SYRIE. 125
rapide du soleil, convient parfaitement au dieu solaire
dont la nature est expliquee par 1'oracle. 86 Pourtant ce
type est tres-insolite en numisraatique et la seule ana-
logic, dont je me souviens, est le Triptoleme des bronzes
d'Kleusis, qui tient un autre attribut dans la main, mais
qui du reste est vetu de meme et dont la pose est identique.
La drachme est d'un travail un peu archaique mais tres-
soigne et ressemble pour le faire a deux autres pieces du
meme poids 87 et sur lesquelles le type du revers est aussi
entoure d'un cordon tout pareil, mais dont 1'attribution est
malbeureusement des plus iricertaines. Tout ce qu'il est
permis d'en dire est, que c'est peut-etre dans le sud de la
cinquieme satrapie, qu'il faut cbercber le lieu d' emission
de ces interessantes monnaies.
Keste enfin un statere, qui doit etre mentionne parmi
les monnaies syro-pbeniciennes, parce qu'il peut etre at-
tribue a Azotus avec quelque probabilite.
4. Dagon ichthyomorphe a g. tenant de la dr. un trident, de-
la g. une couronne. Grenetis.
p ieVf ^ (ts) Lion, la gueule beante, marchant a dr.
sur des rochers.
M 6. 10 55 gr. = 198 J gr. Cab. de Paris ; Mion.,
ii. p. 69, n. 2, PL XXXIV., 123; Pellerin,
Reo., iii. p. 58, PI. XCVI. 7. Decrit d'apres
une empreinte que je dois a 1'obligeance de M.
F. Feuardent. PI.' VI. No. 5.
Dagon avait un temple dans cbaque ville de la Pbi-
listee, 88 mais il est mis specialement en rapport avec
86 Movers, i. p. 159, 538 s.
67 " N. Chr.," N.S., xvii. p. 228, n. 38, 39. Dans la descrip-
tion du n. 38 le carre creux, borde d'un cordon, qui entoure le
type du revers, a ete omis par erreur.
88 Stark, " G-aza," p. 249.
VOL. XVIII. X.S. S
126 NUMISMATIC CTIRONK.TK.
Ascalon dans le my the conserve par Xanthos It; Lydien. 89
Aussi le voit-on figurer aux pieds de la deesse, qui tient
la colombe, sur les bronzes d'Ascalon pendant les regnes
d'Antonin 90 et de plusieurs de ses successeurs. 91
Des figures de Dagon fort semblables se trouvent sur les
monnaics d'ltanus, et sur des tetrudrachmes aux types
d* Alexandra, que M. Mueller 92 assigne a cette meine ville
de Crete. Le lion, symbole d'une divinite qui est portee
par deux de ces animaux sur les bronzes du temps de
Macrin et d'Alexandre Severe, 93 march c sur des rochers.
C'est ainsi qu' Ascalon etait situee elle-rneme sur des
rochers, qui s'avancent jusque dans la mer, 1* element de
Dagon, et qui sernblent avoir donne le nom a la ville,
"pbptt'S. 94 Sous Antonin et Marc-Aurele les bronzes
montrent encore Neptune, le pied pose sur un roeher
et s'appuyant sur le trident, Fancien attribut de Da-
Le poids est celui des stateres d'Aradus, ou Dagon cst
aussi le type de quelques monnaies de nioyen et de petit
module, que, d'apres 1'inscription, j'ai cru pouvoir classor
a cette ville. C'est que, quand le Periple de Scylax fut
redige, Ascalon etait, comme Aradus, aux Tyriens et faisait
89 Athen./'Deipn.," viii. 37, p. 340. 'Arcpyarts
^^vos TOV uioO, iv rrj Trept 'Arri<d\<va Mftyg.
90 "Melanges de Numism.," ii. p. 151, Vign.
91 De Saulcy, " Numism. de la Terre-Hainte," p. 201,
n. 12, PI. X. 5; p. 202, n. 15, 16, 18; p. 204 ; Kept. Sever.,
n. 1, p. 205 ; Diadum. n. 1 ; Elagab. n. 1, 2.
m Mueller, " Alexaud.," n. 901, 903.
s De Saulcy, 1. c., p. 205; Macrin, n. 2, Sever. Alex., n. 4,
PI. X. 7.
94 Stark, 1. c., p. 23, 112.
"' De Saulcy, 1. c., p. 201, n. 11, p. 202, n. 20, p. 203, M.
Aurcl. ; n. 2, p. 204, Commod.
MONXAIES D'IIIERAPOLIS EN SYRIE. 127
partie de la Phenicie. 9 * 5 II n'y aurait done aucune objec-
tion a faire contre 1'attribution de ce statere a Ascalon,
si la legende TS convenait a cette ville. C'est ce qui
n'est pourtant pas le ens, pnisque le nom d'Ascalon com-
mence par ii ; N et non par YH. Mais le meme obstacle ne
s'eleve pas contre le classement de cette monnaie a la
ville voisine Azotus. Les types conviennent aussi bieri
a Azotus qu'a Ascalon et la situation plus eleve'e de
1'acropole d* Azotus 97 repond encore mieux aux rochers,
sur lesquels marche le lion. II est vrai qu'en hebreu
Azotus est ecrit avec un ttf, TntN> Ashdod, mais les
Arabes, qui, cornme M. de Goeje m'en informe, ont
souvent conserve le rnieux Tortbograplie primitive, ecri-
vent Azdud, Sj;l et les Grecs, qui etaient parfaite-
ment a meme de savoir comment les habitants d'Azotus
prononcaient eux-memes, 98 transcrivent aussi "A^Vros avec
unf.
En outre 1'etymologie, proposee par Etienne de Byzance,"
qui nut deriver Azotus d'un nom de femme Aza, mot qui
signifie chevre, T17, 100 ne quadre pas avec la forme
96 Scylax, " Peripl.," 104. 'AcrKa)A.eov 7roAi Tvpiw Kal
/3ao-t'Xeta. 'EvTav(@a opos eo-rt T-^S KotA-^r) ^vpla<s. Gaza formait
done un etat separe du reste de la Syrie.
97 Stark, p. 22.
98 Le roi d'Assyrie Sargon rebatit Azotus, dont il s'etait
empare de force, vera 711, et la repeupla avec des habitants
pris dans les provinces orien tales de son empire, v. G. Smith,
" Assyr. Eponym. Canon," p. 131, " Assyr. Discover.," p.
292 ; " Records of the Past," vii. p. 40, ix. p. 11. C'est peut-
etre a cette nouvelle population venue de loin, qu'est du ]e
changement du & en T dans le nom de la ville. Du reste
Azotus doit avoir ete bien fortifiee par Sargon, pour avoir pu
soutenir un siege de 29 ans contre le roi Psammetichus, d'apres
le recit d'Herodote, ii. 157.
<jy Steph. By/., s. v. "A^ooror, etc. fjnT^ao-av.
lo<1 II pourrait done tic faire <]uc les monnaies, decrites "Num.
-Uo NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
adoptee par les Israelites. II est done a peu pres certain,
que ce beau statere donne la veri table forme du nom,
T1~US et qu'il doit etre retire de parmi les monnaies de
Oorcyre et d'ltanos pour etre reporte a Azotus de Pales-
tine.
Je ne me dissimule pas, que les series monetaires des
villes de Syrie et de Phenicie, pendant le cinquieme et
le quatrieme siecle, presentent des lacunes fort regret-
tables, et c'est la en grande partie la cause, qu'il n'est
guere possible de presenter a leur sujet que des hypo-
theses plus ou moins probables mais toutes fort peu cer-
taines. Esperons que de nouvelles decouvertes et une
recherche diligente de pieces mentionnees dans divers
catalogues, mais pas encore decrites exactement, viendront
bientot eclaircir et corriger beaucoup de ce qui main-
tenant est obscur et problematique.
J. P. Six.
1878.
NOTE ADDITIO:\NELLE.
Grace d 1'iriepuisable obligeance de M. F. Feuardent,
j'ai recu Tempreinte d'une monnaie iuedite, qui vient
d'etre acquise par le British Museum. Cette piece im-
portante doit etre placee en tete de la serie de didrachmes,
dbnt la description a e"te" donnee dans cet article et merite
en tous points d'etre publiee au plus vite. Aussi suis-je
tres-reconnaissant a M. R. Stuart Poole de m'en avoir ac-
corde la permission.
Chron.," N.S., xvii. p. 228, n. 36, 37, qui ont pour type une
tete de face avec comes et oreilles de bouc, eussent plus de
rapport avec Azotus (ju'avec Gaza.
AIONNAIES D'HIEBAPOLIB KN SYKIE. 129
Guerrier, le casque corinthien a aigrette en tete, et tenant
une lance de la gauche, courant a gauche sur un
cheval an galop. Dessous yy\, dessus y (^),
devant H^ -- Orenetis.
Rev. Lion marchant a gauche sur une ligne de globules,
la gueule beante. Devant oiseau a gauche sur
uue fleur de lis. Dessus ,
a 1'exergue ^% ? (D">^?). Grenetis.
JR. 5. 8 035 gr. Brit. Mus. Catal. Subhi Pacha,
fevr. 1878, n. 888. PL VI. No. 1.
La presence dans le champ du to seul, sans nom de
divinite auquel il peut etre rapporte, rend incertaine
^explication proposes plus liaut pour cette lettre.
Le lion est celui qui porte la deesse sur le didrachme
n. 2, la fleur parait etre la meme que celle que la deesse
tient en main et le nom d'Alexandre est aussi inscrit sur
les deux premiers didrachmes.
La lettre M, sous le cavalier, qui se voit a la meme
place sur les stateres graves dans de Luynes, " Satrap.,"
PJ. XI. 4, XII. Soli (comp. VI., 2 Dardanus), est con-
sideree generalement comme 1'indication de Fatelier de
Mallos. Ici elle peut designer le prefet de la Syrie, qui
depuis la conquete d'Alexandre ^tait un Grec. (Arrian,
"Anab.,"iii. 16, 9.)
II serait possible, sans doute, d'arriver a un resultat
plus positif par le dechinrement de^ caracteres places &
1'exergue. Mais ces lettres sont indistinctes et il est diffi-
cile d'en reconnaitre la veritable forme. Aussi n'est-ce
qu'avec la plus grande reserve, que je propose de lire
D"in et d'y voir le mot nE-Viri, don, qui est usite* pour les
cadeaux presentes aux temples et les redevances payees
aux pretres. La legende entiere mn h "niD^b^ serait
alors a comparer avec celle de la drachme en argent de
130 NUMISMATIC CIIIIONICLE.
Chios (Mion., v. p. 26, n. 236 ; S., viii. p. 10, n. 54, 55,
"Rois Grecs," PL XXXIX. n. 18 et la remarque p. 91),
BAZIAEHZ ANTIOXOY AHPO(N) et constaterait le
droit de frapper des didrachmes en argent accorde au
temple de la deesse syrienne, 1'emission des tetradrachrnes
et des stateres d'or etant reservee a 1'autorite royale.
S'il etait permis de supposer que la lettre n designe le
jeune Alexandre, la date 315 proposee plus haut pour le
commencement de la serie monetaire de Bambyce, serait
pleinement justifiee.
Depuis Alexandre I les rois de Macedoine ont ete
eouvent representes a cheval et armes d'une lance sur leurs
monnaies, v. entr'autres Friedlaender, d. Koen. Muenzkab.
1877, PL Y. n. 345, et il serait etrange qu'il n'en fut
pas de metne d' Alexandre le Grand. Cette considera-
tion m'avait deja depuis longtemps induit a chercher le
portrait du conquerant macedonien dans le guerrier a
cheval des stateres de Patraus, le roi de Peonie dont le
fils ou le frere Ariston commandait la cavalerie peonienne
dans 1'armee d' Alexandre (Lenormant, " Ptois Grecs,"
p. 11 (1) ), puis dans le cavalier arme des monnaies de
Magnesie sur le Meandre (Friedlaender, d. Koen. Muenz-
kab., Taf. III., n. 223 ; Brandis, p. 460, 564 ; Mion., iii.
p. 145, n. 620, 623), qui comrnencent a paraitre vers la fin
du quatrieme siecle et encore dans le cavalier des bronzes
de Colophon (Mion., iii. p. 76, n. 113, 117, 118; S., vi.
p. 97, n. 108, 109, 111 116) et de Dardanus, ou le
casque est remplace par la causia macedonienne (de
Luynes, "Satrap.," PL VI. 2), enfin dans le guerrier
courant a cheval des monnaies en argent de Cibym,
(Mion., S. vii., PI. XII. 3, 4), qui ont le poids des cis-
tophores et datent du second siecle avant notre ere.
A Cibyra, le guerrier, dont la fete forme le type du
MONXAIKS D'IIIERAPOI/IS KX SYRIK. 131
droit, porte un casque identique a celui dont est revetu
Alexandre I Bala, le roi de Syrie, sur quelques-uns de
ses bronzes (Duane, " Coins of the Seleucidae," PI. XII. 9,
16), tandis que sur d'autres pieces (Ibid., n. 8, PI. XI.
n. 17 19) sa tete est couverte de la peau de lion, a
1'instar de PHercule des monnaies d' Alexandre le Grand.
C'est la ce qui m'avait mis sur la voie de reconnaitre
le fondateur de 1'empire des Grecs en Asie dans le cavalier
qui forme le type de toutes ces pieces. Le didrachine
syrien du British Museum, qui offre le meme type, mais
determine cette fois par le norn meme d' Alexandre, vient
confirmer 1'hypothese, qui jusqu'ici restait incertaine
faute de preuves directes et servira a retrouver toute une
serie de monnaies, qui continuent jusque sous les em-
pereurs remains, sur lesquelles le heros macedonien, a
che\ T al et arme de la lance, comme sur la celebre mosaique
de Pompei, forme le type principal.
An-il 1878.
VII.
THE COINAGES OF WESTEKN EUROPE : FROM THE
FALL OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE TO THE
ACCESSION OF CHARLEMAGNE.
II. COINAGES or THE YANDALS AND OF THE
OSTROGOTHS.
THE epochs of change in the coinage of Western Europe
do not, as may be supposed, proceed part passu with the
historical events which they indicate and from which they
result ; or at any rate the movement of the two series,
the series of events and the series of coins, is an echelon
movement, a parallel advance in which the lead by
many years is given to the political changes. The
first age of barbaric incursion begins with the fifth
century ; and, as many provinces were then lost never
to be recovered, we might speak of this time as the begin-
ning of the gradual fall of the Empire in the West. The
series of coins which is the direct outcome of the first
barbaric inroads is that nameless imitative series which
has been already discussed, though such coins can
scarcely be distinguished at a date earlier than the middle
of the fifth century. In the final extinction of imperial
power at Home, and in the fresh burst of invasion which
closed the fifth century, we see the causes which led the
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 133
barbarian coinage, leaving its first anonymous condition,
to assume a more independent character.
Between these two epochs there is a lull. The first
wave of barbarism, of Teutonism, in which we noted the
Visigoths, the Suevi, the Burgundians, and the Vandals
as the most conspicuous names, has recoiled, leaving
the central edifice of Roman power still standing, and
has flowed off in various side streams, submerging the
countries which lie around. Italy remains the seat of the
Empire, though almost all her subsidiary dominions have
been overthrown. During the reign of Valentinian III.
(425 455), the son and successor of Honorius, the
German races had time to settle themselves into their
new homes and even to begin to dispute over the fruits of
their conquests ; but the quietude of Italy was only
seriously disturbed- by the taking of Africa by the
Vandals. In this reign the power of the Huns was
broken at the battle of Chalons (451), and by the death
of Attila (453), events of almost greater importance to
the Germanic races than to Rome itself. The Franks
made good their settlement in Northern Gaul (420 451),
the Burgundians extended their frontiers as far as the
Mediterranean, and the Visigoths began the conquest of
Spain : they achieved it in 461. After the death of Valen-
tinian III., a quick pageant of nominal sovereigns closes the
drama of Roman Imperial History : Maximus, 455, suc-
ceeded in the same year by Avitus; Majorian, 457 ; Libius
Severtis, 461 ; Anthemius, 467 ; Olybrius, Glycerius, and
Julius Nepos, all in the year 472 ; and lastly Romulus
Augustulus in 476. Behind these shadowy figures we dis-
cern the form of Ricimer the Goth, who possessed during
the greater part of these reigns all the substance of power,
and who may therefore be fitly described as the first
VOL. XVIII. N.S. T
134 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
barbarian ruler of Italy " the kingdom of Italy, a name
to which the Western Empire was gradually reduced."
Just at this time the kingdom of the Vandals under
Genseric was at the height of its power. This king was
the first to organize that system of predatory naval war-
fare which in after times, under the name of Vikingar,
became so favourite a pursuit among all the Germanic
nations living upon the sea-coast. Within a short time
of the conquest of Africa, Genseric had constructed almost
the finest navy then to be found in the world, and in
440 he began his depredations upon the coasts of Italy ;
he took Sardinia and Sicily, and at length proceeded to
the sack of Eome itself (455). Numerous expeditions
against the barbarian were planned by the emperors of
the East and West, but the power of Genseric remained
unshaken during his lifetime. As is, however, so often
the case with' a barbarous people, the death of their one
competent ruler was a signal for a rapid decline in the
Vandal spirit and enterprise. Under the remainder of
their native kings the nation ceases to be observable
among the vital changes which are agitating Europe, until
the final extinction of Vandal rule by the arms of Beli-
sarius in 533.
The dignity of Emperor came to an end with the
deposition of Romulus Augustus by Odoacer. But this
barbarian founded no dynasty : the final transfer of
power to a race of Teutonic kings was the work of the
Ostrogoths under Theodoric, towards the close of the fifth
century. Two fresh and decisively important currents of
invasion at this time set in from the north and from the
east ; Chlodwig began his victorious career in Gaul, and
Theodoric undertook his invasion of Italy. The course
which the Ostrogoths pursued in this enterprise was
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 135
closely analogous with that which about a century before
had been pursued by their brethren the Visigoths under
Alaric. The East Goths found themselves settled in
Pannonia, in the large tract of country which lies between
Vienna and Sirmium, with all the wealth of Italy and the
East inviting them from either side. As the Visigoths
had done, they first turned their arms against the Byzan-
tine Empire ; but the position of Italy oppressed by
Odoacer seemed to expose it as the prize of the fortunate
invader, and Theodoric saw that there was more to be
gained from the support than from the hostility of the
Emperor of Constantinople. The authority of Zeiio gave
him a specious claim to the throne of Italy, which now
owed allegiance to no emperor. He began his march in
489, and after a protracted struggle with Odoacer became
master of Italy in 493. Under the title of king l his
reign lasted thirty years (493 526); and the Ostrogothic
dynasty in Italy remained until 553, when the arms of
Justinian once more for a time united Italy to the Empire
of the East.
Meanwhile, in 486, Chlodwig had begun his victorious
career. In the north he subdued the Belgic tribes and
the mixed kingdom of Syagrius, and after these successes
came in contact with the Burgundians in the east of
Gaul. For more than thirty years this war lasted, and
was not finally extinguished until 532. But while thus
occupied in the east, Chlodwig did not shrink from
encountering the Visigothic nation in the south of Gaul,
and by the battle of Poictiers (508) he secured to the
1 Odoacer had assumed the same title, " Nomen regis
Odoacer assumpsit " (Cassiodor. in Chr. A.D. 476). Perhaps
assumpsit can hardly be applied to Theodoric. He was king
before the invasion of Italy, for rex was but the Latinisation
of the familiar Gothic riks.
136 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Franks the possession of Aquitaine. So that the area of
the Visigothic power was narrowed to Spain and the
country bordering upon the Pyrenees.
As the outcome of all these political changes we have
the change in the condition of the barbarian coinages,
which now begin to emerge from their anonymous state,
and to present first the monogram and then the name of
the native rulers. The change is not, as may be supposed,
uniform or instantaneous. The whole name of a king is
introduced upon one series of coins, while another con-
temporary monarch is content to hint his existence by
means of a monogram. But these variations have their
determining causes. Some sense of subjection to the
Empire will be shown by an adherence to the established
imperial type and legend ; and as the more distant con-
queror found it easier to affect this subjection and to give
to the Emperor the congt d'elire in apportioning him his
kingdom, it may easily happen that the coinages of those
countries which lie nearer the heart of the Western
Empire show a greater freedom with established usage.
This is the case. The first coinages to emerge from
an anonymous condition are those of the Vandals and the
Ostrogoths, and these have many points of mutual resem-
blance and of distinction from the other barbaric coinages
of Europe, so that they naturally fall into a class apart.
The Yandalic is not of course a European coinage, and
might on that account be thought to lie outside the scope
of our present inquiry. But it is the money of a Teutonic
people, and is, beside, so closely allied in character with
the coinages of the other Teutons, that it cannot properly
be omitted in this place. For, as I have already said, our
concern is rather with nationalities than with countries,
We begin thereforo with the
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 137
VANDAL COINAGE.
The following is the list of the Vandal kings in Africa,
the names of those who struck no coins being placed
within square brackets.
A D.
I. [Genseric .... 427 2 ]
II.[Huneric 477]
III. Gunthamund . . . 484 struck in silver (and copper ?)
IV. Thrasamund . . . 496 do. do.
V. Hilderic 523 do. do. and copper.
VI. Gelimir 530 do. do. do.
Defeated by Belisarius at the battle of Trikameron 533,
and captured 534.
The types of these sovereigns are as follows :
GUNTHAMUND.
SILVER.
Piece of One Hundred.
1. 06r. DN REX GVN THAMVNDV. Draped and diademed
bust to right.
Rev. DN within laurel wreath.
JR. *65 circ. Wt. 2 grammes circ. B.M. ; Fried-
lander, 3 PL I. 1.
(PL H. 1.)
Piece of Fifty.
2. Obv. DN RX G VNTHA. Same type.
Rev. D'N Same type ; wreath varied.
M. '5 circ. Wt. I'l gramme circ. B.M. ; Fried-
lander, PL I. 2.
(PL II. 2.)
2 Invaded Africa 429, took Carthage 439.
3 The references in the Vandal series are to the plates in
Dr. Friedliinder's " Miinzen der Vandalen," those in the Ostro-
gothic series are to the same writer's " Miinzen der Ostgothen."
The numbers upon these plates begin afresh with each new
reign.
138 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Piece of Twenty-five.
8. Obv. Same type.
T)~N
Rev. yyy within similar wreath.
M. -4 circ. Wt. '5 gramme circ. B.M. ; Fried-
lander, PI. I. 3.
(PI. II. 3.)
GUNTHAMUND ?
COPPER.
4. Obv. DN G. . . THA (inscr. obscure). Bust similar to
that on silver coins of Gunthamund.
Rev. Victory standing to left, holding wreath ; behind,
cross.
-3E. -35. Wt. -58 gramme. B.M.
(PI. II. 4.)
THRASAMUND.
SILVER.
Piece of Fifty.
1. Obv. DN KG TH[R] SAMVNDS. Draped and diademed
bust to right.
Rev. D.N within laurel wreath.
M. -5 circ. Wt. 1 gramme circ. B.M. ; Fried-
liinder, PI. I. 1.
(PI. H. 5.)
2. Obv. Same.
Rev. D.N within similar wreath.
M. '5 circ. Wt. 1 gramme circ. B.M.
Piece of Twenty -five.
3. Obv. DN SAMVS (inscr. defaced). Same type.
Her. YYV w ^hi n l aure l wreath.
M. -4 circ. Wt. -49 gramme. Friedlander, PI. I. 2.
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 139
HlLDEEIC.
SILVER.
Piece of Fifty.
1. Obv. DN HILDE RIX REX. Draped and diademed bust
to right.
Rev. FELIX KARTC. Draped female figure standing,
facing, holding ears of corn in either hand.
JR. '6 circ. Wt. 1*1 gramme circ. B.M. ; Fried-
lander, PI. I. 1.
(PI. II. 6.)
Piece of Twenty-five.
2. Obv. Similar.
Eev. XXV within laurel wreath.
JR. -5 circ. Wt. *5 gramme circ. B.M. ; Fried-
lander, PL I. 2.
COPPER.
8. Obv. HIL [REX]. Draped and diademed bust to right.
Bev. Within laurel wreath, an even-limbed cross-pattee.
M. -35 circ. Wt. '45 gramme circ. B.M. ; Fried-
lander, PL I. 3.
(PL II. 7.)
GELIMIR.
SILVER.
Piece of Fifty.
1. Obv. DN REX G EILAMIR. Draped and diademed bust
to right enclosed in laurel wreath.
+
Eev. DN within laurel wreath.
M. '6 circ. Wt. 1-18 gramme circ. B.M. ; Fried-
lander, PL I. 1.
2. Obv.DN RX G . LIMA. Similar bust.
Rev. D.N within laurel wreath.
Caronni, PL V. No. 38.
140 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
COPPER.
3. nbr. GEIL[AMIR]. Diademed bust to right.
Rev. Gelimir or Geilimir in monogram within laurel wreath.
IE. -4. Wt. -9 gramme. B.M. ; Friedlander, PL I. 2.
4. Obv. Similar.
Rev. Similar ; monogram varied.
M. '4. Wt. ? gramme.
This is the list of the coins bearing the names of
Vandal kings. There are, however, some other coins
which were unquestionably struck under these rulers,
though they do not bear their names. Their types are as
follows :
HONOBIUS.
1. Obv. HONORIVS P[P]AVGT (the last four letters ob-
scure). Draped and diademed bust to right.
Rev. ANN K. Draped female figure (Carthage) stand-
ing, facing, holding in either hand ears of corn ; in
exergue star of eight points between laurel branches.
M. -55. Wt. 1-3 gramme. B.M. ; Friedlander.
(PI. II. 8.)
2. Obv. Similar type, but the legend seems to be HONORIVS
PVS AGT.
Rev. ANN O IIII K. Same type as last.
M. -5. Wt. -9 gramme. B.M.
(Another, ANNO V K. See Friedlander, " Munz. der Vand.,"
Huneric, PL I. 2. Sabatier, PL XX. 1.)
There can be no doubt from the resemblance of the
reverse types of these coins to those of Hilderic that the
pieces are Vandalic ; and this resemblance might incline
us to place them about the end of Hildaric's reign, during
the disturbances which closed the period of the Vandal
power in Africa. On the other hand, the name of
Honorius upon the obverse makes it almost impossible
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 141
that the coins should have been struck so long after his
death. Honorius died in 424, and it was not until 428
that Genseric passed over into Africa at the request of
Count Boniface. There seems no reason, therefore, why
we should not look upon these two coins as having been
struck soon after the Yandal invasion of Africa, probably
in the lifetime of Genseric himself. The coins are of
rather better workmanship than those which have been
previously described ; and the obverses appear as though
they had stood as prototype to the regular coinage of the
Yandals; why the reverses should not have also been re-
produced or only partially so under Hilderic, I am unable
to conjecture. Dr. Friedlander adopts a different theory
with regard to these coins, or rather to the second of the
two, for he seems not to have seen any piece in such good
condition as the first. He reads the legend on the
obverse HONOR V^S ACT, and conjectures that it may
really be HONOBIETS ACT, and the coin bear the
name of Huneric and not of Honorius. The two coins in
the British Museum, however, seem to upset Dr. Fried-
lander's tentative reading of the pieces in the Berlin
Museum ; and though it is far from impossible that the
pieces were struck by Huneric, we cannot claim to possess
any pieces with his name. We must consider the legend
upon these coins as blundered in some way from the
familiar P.P.AYG. Nor does in any way make against
this opinion, that the obverses of these coins were copied
directly from those of Honorius, the fact that the reverses
were peculiar to the country in which the coins were
struck. The use of the expressions Anno iv. or v. is, as
Friedlander points out, contrary to the Roman usage 4 of
4 Justinian adopted the custom of indicating the years of his
VOL. XVIII. N.S. U
142 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
that time, in accordance with which dates were expressed
in the years of the consulate or tribunician power. The
Vandals were never slavish imitators of the Roman coinage.
Genseric (or whoever struck the coins in question) having
no consulship or tribunician power, but having adopted
the title of king (rex), simply records the event by the
years of his reign.
VANDAL LARGE COPPER.
(Without the name of any king.)
Type 1.
1. Obv. KART HAGO. Soldier standing, facing, holding
lance in left.
Rev. Head of horse with bridle ; in exergue X |[L
M. 1 circ. Wt. 10 grammes circ. B.M. ; Fried-
lander, PL I. 1.
(PI. H. 9.)
2. Same type ; but in exergue of reverse, XXI.
& -75 circ. Wt. 6-1 grammes circ. B.M. ; Fried-
lander, PI. I. 2.
3. Same type ; but in exergue of reverse, XII.
^E- '75 circ. Wt. 5'5 grammes circ. B,M. ; Fried-
lander, PL I. 3.
Type 2.
4. Obv. Draped female figure (Carthage) standing, facing,
holding ears of corn in either hand.
Rev. NX [H_ within triple wreath.
M. 1*1 circ. Wt. 11*5 grammes circ. B.M. ;
Friedlander, PL I. 4.
(PL II. 10.)
5. Same type ; but NXXI in centre of reverse.
& -85 circ. Wt. 6-8 grammes circ. B.M. ; Fried-
lander, PL I. 5.
reign in this manner. But this was not till after the fall of
Carthage.
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 143
6. Same type ; but NXII in centre of reverse.
M. '75. Wt. 4 -7 grammes circ. B.M. ; Friedlander,
PL I. 6.
Type 3.
7. Obv. Draped and diademed bust to left; in front, palm
_branch.
Rev. jjjj within pearl border.
JE. '5. Wt. 1'3 gramme circ. B.M. ; Friedlander,
PL I.
Finally, we have a series of coins with the name of
Justin, which Dr. Friedlander ascribes to the elder Justin,
and supposes to have been struck under the orders of
Hilderic. Hilderic, as the son of Huneric and Eudocia, was
closely connected with the Byzantine court, and his death
was the professed cause of the Vandal war. It seems more
reasonable, however, to suppose that these coins were
struck under the name of Justin II., after the reconquest
of Africa for the Roman Empire.
Piece of Fifty.
1. Obv. DN IVST NVS PPA. Draped and diademed bust to
right.
Rev. FELIX CAKTA. Draped female figure (Carthage)
standing, facing, holding ears of corn in either hand
(as on coins of Hilderic).
JR. -5 circ. Friedlander, PL I.
Piece of Twenty-five.
2. Obv. Similar inscription and type.
V"Y"
Rev. y ; above, cross; all within laurel wreath.
M. -4 circ. Friedlander, PI. I.
There are besides numerous small copper coins, which
from their style and from the circumstances of their find
we may attribute to Africa during the sixth century.
144 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
But it would be difficult to say whether they are to be
classed as really Yandalic, or as we have classed the
above coins, as imperial money struck after the recovery
of Africa. Some of these are given in Friedlander, PL I.
The monetary system upon which this coinage was
founded calls for some inquiry. Under the sway of
barbarian rulers, the trade and industry, the refinement
and luxury, of Europe were languishing or dead, and with
the loss of these the loss of a currency was less felt, and
the use of a coinage diverted to the purposes of mere
hoarding. In the East these influences were unfelt. There
during the latter half of the fifth century the power of
the Empire was consolidated rather than impaired. The
monetary system had been established upon a tolerably
firm and consistent basis, although owing to many causes,
the chief of which were (1) the reckless tampering with
the currency which had marked some earlier reigns, and
(2) the wide extent of the Byzantine Empire and the
heterogeneous character of its inhabitants, the system of
exchange had been since Constantine founded chiefly upon
weight. The unit of valuation was now the denarius of
copper, or nummus. The aureus remained under the name
of the solidus aureus, containing 6,000 nummi. The silver
coins were the siliqua, one -twenty-fourth of the solidus,
and therefore containing 250 nummi, and the half-siliqua,
containing 125 ; the weight of these pieces being some
1*1 gramme and *65 gramme respectively. Coins of
Justinian marked ON (250) and PKE (125) are evidently
the siliqua and the half-siliqua, and their weights are a
little less than those given above. 5
The name follis, purse, which in the time of Constan-
5 Finder and Friedlander, " Miinzen Justinians," p. 25, &c.
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 145
tine had stood for a definite weight of coinage in any of
the three metals, was now appropriated to a coined piece
of copper reckoned at one-sixth of the siliqua, and there-
fore, strictly speaking, at 41 f nummi ; but its value in
relation to the siliqua was sufficiently indicated by the
figure XXXX. The subdivision of this was the three-quarter
follis, marked XXX, and the half-follis, marked XX. It
is evident that these pieces could not have passed current
for their nominal value as against the standard coins,
because while the nominal value of the follis must have
been yi^ of the solidus, Procopius tells us that in his
time 180 or even 210 were exchanged against the higher
coin 6 . This is, of course, no more than saying that the
follis was, like our penny, a token-coin ; but the fact
sufficiently explains the inexactitude displayed in using
XXXX in the place of 4lf . Such a discrepancy could
have been of no real consequence, because, whenever the
intrinsic value of the follis was taken into account, it was
found to be far less than the nominal value.
The Vandals, we see, had silver coins corresponding in
respect of their weight almost exactly with the Byzantine
siliqua, its double, and its half. These are the coins
marked respectively i , c (L, C), and XX Y. They had
also a series of copper equal to the follis and its divisions,
though the actual value of these pieces in terms of the
lowest coin denomination (the nummus) are more clearly
marked than is the case with the Byzantine copper coins ;
for here, instead of XXXX and XX put respectively for
41f nummi and for 20f nummi, we have in the case of
the Vandals the numbers XL1I and XXI. Beside these
two denominations of copper coins we have another series
8 Sabatier, vol. i. p. 68.
146 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
coined at the same time with the former (for they follow
them through their variations of type), and bearing the
numerals XII, Till, and I. These pieces, says Mommsen, 7
have no relationship with the other pieces of copper or with
the siliqua, but belong to a peculiar and local system
(found, however, likewise in Egypt) and represent the TO o,
TTO-O> and Wo^ of the solidus. The smallest coin without
numeral would be the unit of valuation of both series of
copper ; and there would be nothing impossible in the side
by side existence of these two series, as they would both
have an exchangeable value with the silver, though not
with each other.
The numerals which we find upon the Vandal silver
coins present greater difficulties. As the coin with L
(50) exchanges with the Byzantine siliqua worth 250,
the unit of value for the Vandal silver could hardly have
been the same as with the Byzantine coin. At least, if
the numeral on the silver gives the value in terms of the
nummus, then the difference between the real and nominal
value of the copper must have been very great, much
greater than it was in the East. We have seen that in
the Byzantine Empire coined copper was valued at about
one-third more than its intrinsic worth. But if copper
was of the same value in Africa and in the East, the
coined copper must have passed for more than six times its
metal value. 8 There would be no special difficulty in this,
so long as the token money was confined to the country
in which it was struck, and so long as the highest deno-
mination of the token money was not equal to the lowest
7 " Hist, de la Mon. rom.," ed. Blacas, Part III. c. vi. 11.
8 For the gold solidus = 24 Byzantine siliquae = 24 of the
Vandal coin marked L = 1,200 nummi in coined value. In
metal value the solidus was (as Procopius tells us) exchanged
for about 200 copper coins of 40 nummi = 8,000 nummi.
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 147
denomination of money which passed for its intrinsic
value. But such a state of things would be impossible if
the Vandal copper marked XLII, or XXI, were current
at the same time as the Yandal half-siliqua marked 25.
For the larger copper coin which in the East was worth
one-sixth of the siliqua, would here bear a higher
mark of value than the Yandal half-siliqua. We must
therefore, I think, conclude that the copper Yandal coins
with the numerals XLII, XXI, could not have been con-
current with the Yandal silver. Nor again could the series
with the numerals XII, IIII, because of the identity of
type between the first of these coins and the other series
of copper. The most reasonable way out of the difficulty
seems to be to suppose that the copper coins bearing the
names of the Yandal kings, but without marks of value,
represent the token money which was used concurrently
with the Yandal silver, the latter being multiples of that
by 100, by 50, and by 25 ; but that the larger copper
coins with numerals and without names were struck at
some other time.
What was this other time? Not after the restora-
tion of Byzantine power, because if this currency had
been reintroduced after a period of disuse it would
surely have been made consistent with the copper cur-
rency of Constantinople, and not unnecessarily exact in
its marks of value. It would have borne the numerals
XXXX, and XX, and not XLII and XXI. The only
conclusion left to us, therefore, is that the large copper
coins were all anterior to the striking of silver coins by
Gunthamund and his successors. These coins may have
been struck while the gold and silver coinage of Con-
stantinople or a gold and silver coinage of a strictly imi-
tative character was still in use. Then when the Yandal
148 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
kings began to set up a national coinage quite inde-
pendent of the money of the East, they would disuse the
larger copper coins and continue striking only the small
copper, now with the name of a Yandal king. This
copper coin, which if it had been considered equal to the
Byzantine nummus would have been the two hundred and
fiftieth part of the Byzantine siliqua, now rises to be one-
fiftieth of the Vandal coin of the same weight. There is
nothing inconsistent with probability in this supposition ;
nor would the difference between the numbers on the
Byzantine and the Yandal silver coins be productive of any
inconvenience, if this course were pursued with respect
to the copper. So long as the Yandal copper remained
a token money with a circulation confined to its own
country nothing would interfere with the exchange of the
silver against the silver of Constantinople. But the use
of this token money of a very low intrinsic value would,
as we have seen, be almost impossible if some of it were
struck of a higher nominal value than the silver coins.
We see that the approach of the monetary standard and
the medium of exchange was much closer between the
country of the Yandals and the East, than it was between
the East and the West of Europe. In the last the
medium of exchange could only have been gold; but
between Africa and the East the silver money had also an
interchangeable value. The intimacy existing between
any two lands will be to a great extent indicated by this
matter of the relationship of the coinages, the lower the
medium of exchange, the closer the intimacy between the
people of two countries; as at the present day we find
that in England and Germany gold is the medium of
exchange with all other countries, whereas between
France, Switzerland, Italy, and Belgium the franc sup-
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 149
plies a common medium. In comparing, therefore, the
coinage of the Vandals with that early imitative coinage
of Europe which was made the subject of the first part, we
remark especially two things. The independence of the
types and names upon the Vandal coins shows us very
clearly the independent, we might almost say defiant,
attitude of the Vandal rule in Africa. It makes no pre-
tence, as do at first the kingdoms of the Visigoths and
Ostrogoths, and as do in a negative sort of way the new
barbarian dynasties in Central and Northern Gaul, to exist
by permission of the Eastern Emperor. But while it
asserts in this respect its political freedom, as regards the
internal constitution of the Vandal state, its civilisation,
commerce, and its laws, there was probably a much closer
approach to the condition of the Byzantine Empire than
existed between Constantinople and the West of Europe ;
and this second fact is indicated by the approach in the
exchangeable values of the Vandal and Byzantine money.
We have already dwelt upon these twofold aspects of
life, the political and social, and suggested how they are
likely to be indicated by the state of the coinage at this
time. So far as the last may be taken for an indication,
we gather that the influence of the Vandal rule in chang-
ing the course of domestic life was much less felt than its
power to change the outward constitution of the country.
Much the same, we shall see, may be said of the rule of
the Ostrogoths in Italy, at least as compared with the
remoter countries of the West.
OSTROGOTHIC COINAGE.
As for about half a century the greater part of the
Roman territories beyond the Alps had been in the pos-
session of barbarian nations, the system of anonymous
VOL. XVIII. N.S. X
150 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
barbaric coinage was at the time of Augustulus' deposition
in full activity. It even seems probable that some slight
changes were introduced into the conventional legend
upon these imitative coins, showing to those who under-
stood them the place at which or the ruler by whom they
were struck. Upon the fall of the Empire the same
system of coinage was passed over to Italy, so that the
earliest barbaric coinage of this country is likewise a series
of imitative gold, showing by varieties in the legend that
it was in reality struck not in the East but in Italy. A
similar system of mint-marks had, indeed, long been
familiar. So soon as the letters OB are added to the mark
of Constantinople on the Imperial solidi, the exergual
legend CONOB ceases to be a distinctive mint-mark. We
must look upon it merely as indicating that the coin is
of the value of the Constantinople solidus, that is, that it
contains a one- seventy- second part of the pound of gold of
the Imperial standard. The mint itself is frequently indi-
cated in the case of Italian money by the letters RM
(Rome), or RY (Ravenna) in the field ; nevertheless, as
early as the time of Gratian (367), we begin to distin-
guish the difference, COMOB in place of CONOB as
indicating the coinage of Rome. About the beginning of
the sixth century this difference ceases to be distinctive,
except that it is always found upon Italian, never upon
Byzantine coins. In place of this a number of other small
changes are made, both in the exergual legend and in the
end of that in the field ; some slight variations in type too
accompany these changes of legend. The general dis-
tinction of the Italian from the Gallic money has already
been noticed, namely, that the Italian tremisses, before
the time of Justinian, commonly present the victory
facing, the Gallic in profile.
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE.
M. Charles Lenormant believes himself to have iden-
tified the following mint-marks upon certain Italian coins
(tremisses) of the time of Anastasius, and struck, no doubt,
under some Gothic ruler 9 :
Rome. . . . VICTORIA AVGVSTOROM. Ex. COMOB.
Victory facing holding orb and wreath.
Star above head on obv., in field on rev.
Bologna . . . VICTORIA AVGVSTOBON. Ex. COMOB.
Same type. Stars as on last.
Ravenna . . . VICTORIA AVGVSTORVN. Ex. CONOB.
Same type. No star; cross above head
on obv.
Naples . . . VICTORIA AVGVSTORN. Ex. COMOB.
Same type. No star ; point above head on
obv.
I VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM. Ex. CONOT.
Same type. Point above head on obv. ;
star in field of rev.
Same legend in field. Ex. CONO (TC, or
TICI in monogram). Same type.
( VICTORIA AVGVSTORV. Ex. C' N'.
Verona (Colonial game crogs ab head fc
Nova Verona-) star in fi 7 M on rev .
Bicimer, it is believed, placed his monogram upon
some gold coins struck in the name of Libius Severus ; but
no coinage can be assigned to Odoacer. Doubtless, as
was the case with the Vandals, an anonymous gold coinage
of the class described above was the sole coinage of
Odoacer, that is, of the earlier days of barbarian rule in
Italy, and doubtless this anonymous gold money was not
supplanted but accompanied by the regular Ostrogothic
coinage in silver and copper. Theodoric seems to have
passed beyond the practice of obscurely marking the mint
9 " Rev. Num.," 1848, p. 106, &c.
10 The complete name was Colonia Augusta Nova Verona
Gallieniana.
152 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
from which the coins were issued, for he placed his mono-
gram upon some of the gold solidi, and in this he was
shortly afterwards imitated by the kings of Burgundy.
The point where the money of the Ostrogoths separates
itself from the other contemporary coinages of Western
Europe, and gravitates towards that of the Yandals, and
likewise towards the coinage of Constantinople, is in the
issue of silver and copper series, such as were unknown in
Gaul or Spain. Some feeble attempt towards a silver
coinage was alone made by the kings of Burgundy,
whereof a specimen was given upon Plate I. 11
It will not be necessary here to do more than describe
the different types of Ostrogothic coins, referring the
reader who wishes for a more minute description to Dr.
Friedlander's " Munzen der Ostgothen."
The following is the list of Ostrogothic monarchs, those
who struck no coins being placed within square brackets :
A.D.
Theodoric 493 struck in gold and silver.
Athalaric 526 struck in silver and copper.
Theodahat 634
Witiges ) -on
Matasundaj '
[Ildibad 540]
[Eraric 541]
Baduila (Totila) .... 541 struck in silver and copper.
Theia (or Thila) .... 552
Defeated and slain by Narses at the battle of Mons-lactarius,
A.D. 553.
THEODOEIC.
GOLD.
(With monogram of Theodoric.)
Type of Anastasius I.
1. Obv. DN ANASTA SIVS PFAVG. Bust in armour facing
three-quarters towards right, wearing helmet and
holding lance over right shoulder.
11 No. 8.
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 153
Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, monogram of Theodoricus. Vic-
tory, left, holding long cross ; in field to left, RM
in monogram (Rome) ; to right, star. Exergue,
COMOB or CO (MA in monogram) OB.
N. 1-25. Wt. 4-3 grammes. B.M. ; Friedlander.
(PL II. 11.)
2. Another with monogram of Ravenna (RV) and CONOB in ex.
#. 1-8. Wt. 4-5 grammes. B.M.
M. Charles Lenormant reads the exergue of the first coin
CO (MA in monogram) OB. He suggests that the COMA
thus written may stand for the comarca or campagna of
Rome. This seems a great deal to discover out of so
little.
SILVER.
(With name of Anastasius I.)
Half-Siliquas.
3. Obv. DN ANASTASIVS AVG. Diademed bust in armour
and paludamentum to right.
Rev. Within palm wreath, monogram of Theodoricus ;
above which, cross.
-& *45. Wt. -6 gramme circ. B.M. ; Friedlander,
PL I. 1.
4. Obv. DN ANASTASIVS PP AVG (reversed). Similar
bust ; in exergue, ONR (or IMD).
Rev. INVIC TA ROMA ; in centre, monogram of Theo-
doricus (different from that on Nos. 1 or 3) ; above
monogram, cross ; below, mm. (a star or else C $
M or W * D)
& -45. Wt. -8 gramme circ. B.M. ; Friedlander,
PL I. 2a 2c.
(PL II. 12.)
(With name of Justin I.)
Half-Siliquas.
5. Obv. DN IVSTI NVS AVG. Similar bust.
Rev. As on No. 3.
* -45. Wt. -7 gramme circ. B.M. ; Friedlander,
PL I. 8a, b.
154 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
6. Obv. DN IVSTINVS PF AVG. Similar bust.
Rev. Similar to No. 4.
-& -55. Wt. -65 gramme circ. Friedlander, PL I. 4.
ATHALAEIC.
SILVER.
(With name of Justin I.)
Siliquas.
1. Obv. DN IVSTI NVS P AVG. Diademed bust in armour
and paludamentum to right.
ft ev . Within palm wreath, monogram of Athalaricus be-
tween the letters DN ; above, cross ; below, star
of six points.
^B. *5. Wt. 1'4 gramme circ. B.M. ; Friedlander,
PL I. 1.
2. Obv. Similar.
DN
Rev. Within palm wreath,
BEX
& -55. Wt. 1-4 gramme circ. Friedlander, PL I. 2.
Half-Siliqua.
DN
8. Similar bust to last ; but,
CVS
& -5. Wt. -7 gramme, over. B.M. ; Friedlander,
PL I. 3. (PL II. 13.)
(With name of Justinian I.)
Siliqua.
4. Obv. IN IVSTINI ANVS P AVG (var. DN IVSTI NIAN
AVG.) Similar bust.
Rev. Similar to No. 1.
^ -5. Wt. 1-4 gramme. B.M. ; Friedlander, PL I. 4.
(PL II. 14.)
Half-Siliqua.
5. Obv. Similar.
Rev. Similar to No. 2.
^- -5. Wt. '6 gramme circ. B.M. ; Friedlander,
PL I. 5.
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 155
COPPER.
(With name of Justinian I.)
Piece of Ten Nummi.
G. Obv.D'N IVSTINIANVS P AVG. Similar to No. 3.
Rev. Similar to No. 3.
&. -6. Friedlander, PI. I. 6.
Nummus ?
7. Obv. IVSTINIAN. Same type.
Rev. Within palm wreath, monogram of Athalaricus
similar to that on No. 1, but without cross or star.
JE. -4. B.M. ; Friedlander.
(Without name of Emperor.)
ROME.
Pieces of Ten Nummi.
8. Obv. INVICT AROMA. Helmeted bust of Rome to
right.
DN
/^.-Within palm wreath ? ^AL On ribbon of wreath
ARIC VS the numeral X.
REX
-ZE. -7. B.M. ; Friedlander, PI. I. 8.
(PL II. 15.)
9. Obv. Similar.
Rev.DN ATHAL ARICVS. Warrior standing facing,
head right, holding spear and resting left hand on
S C
shield ; on either side y
-2E. -75. B.M. ; Friedlander, PL I. 10.
(PL II. 16.)
Piece of Five.
10. Obv. INVIC TA ROMA. Same type.
Bev. DN ATHALARICVS RX ; in centre, V.
-E. -5. B.M. ; Friedlander, PL I. 9.
156 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
RAVENNA.
Piece of Ten Nummi,
11. Ofo. Within laurel wreath, FELIX R AVENNA. Female
bust (Ravenna) wearing mural crown, to right.
Rev. Within laurel wreath, monogram of Athalaricus,
differing from those given above ; on either side
D N ; above, cross ; below, star.
^3. '7. Unique ? Friedlander, PL I. 11.
THEODAHATUS OR THEODATUS.
SILVER.
(With name of Justinian I.)
Siliqua.
1. Obv. DN IVSTI NIAN AYG. Diademed bust in armour
and palud amentum, to right.
Rev. Within palm wreath, monogram of Theodatus.
At- '5. Wt. 1-4 gramme, over. B.M. ; Friedlander,
PL II. 1.
Half-Siliqua.
2. Obv. Similar.
DN
Jfcn,. Within palm wreath,
REX
^. -45. Wt. -7 gramme, over. B.M. ; Friedlander,
PL II. 2.
(PL II. 17.)
COPPER.
(With the name of Justinian I.)
Nummus or Minimus.
8. Obv. DN IVSTINIAN. Similar bust to right.
Rev. Within palm wreath, monogram of Theodatus, differ-
ing from that on No. 1.
&> *35. Wt. *4 gramme circ. B.M. ; Friedlander,
PL II. 3.
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 157
(Without name of Emperor.)
Piece of Forty Nummi.
4. Obv. DN THEODA HATVS REX. Bust of king facing,
head right, wearing richly jewelled robe, with cross
on breast, and closed crown.
^.VICTORIA PRINCIPVM, Victory walking to right
on prow, holding wreath and palm branch.
M. 1. B.M. ; Friedlander, PI. II. 4.
(PI. II. 18.)
This is in every way a remarkable piece. It is the first
coin ever issued having the portrait of a king of the
Teutonic race. The busts which appear upon the contem-
porary coins of the Vandals, or upon the other coins of this
dynasty, are in no sense portraits or attempts at portraits.
Though they are surrounded by the name of the king, they
are merely conventional busts copied directly from the im-
perial coins ; and the same remark applies to the coins of
Theodeberht the Frank, which begin to appear about this
time. But in the case of the coins before us there can be
no doubt that a portrait was intended, and that the features
of Theodahat, down to the slight moustache upon the upper
lip, are given with as much skill as the artist possessed.
The dress, too, is worth noticing. Its magnificence is bar-
baric, and to our eyes almost Oriental ; and we here see
the closed crown, which has been throughout mediaeval
and modern Europe the symbol of empire. The Roman
imperial office was expressed by the diademed head.; the
Germanic invaders of Roman territory adopted the crown
as the symbol of nobility and of kingship. We may guess
from these coins that the Ostrogoths, while they took the
DN, which was the title applied to the Roman emperors,
did not finally adopt either the imperial title or the impe-
rial diadem. They adhere to the " rex " and the crown,
which, has, perhaps, more sacred associations for them.
VOL. XVIII. N.S. . Y
158 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
ROME.
Piece of Ten Nummi.
5. Obv. INVICT A ROMA. Helmeted bust of Rome to right.
DN
jR*,.Within wreath Hgyg J on band of wreath, X.
REX
M. -15. B.M. ; Friedlander, PI. II. 6.
WlTIGES.
SILVER.
(With name of Justinian I.)
Siliqua.
1. Obv. DN IVSTI NIANVS. (var IVSTINI AN VSPP AVG)
Diademed bust in armour and paludamentum, to
right.
DN
VVTT
Rev. Within wreath -^g
REX
M. '5. Wt. 1-3 gramme circ. B.M. ; Friedlander,
PL II. 1.
COPPER.
(Without name of Emperor.)
ROME.
Piece of Ten Nuniini.
2. Obv. INVICT A ROMA. Helmeted bust of Rome to right.
DN
VVTT
Rev. Within palm wreath
REX
M. '6. B.M. ; Friedlander, PI. II. 2.
(PI. II. 19.)
MATASUNDA.
SILVER.
(With name of Justinian I.)
Siliqua.
1. Oit. DN IVSTINI ANVS PP AV. Draped and diademed
bust to right.
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 159
2lev. Within wreath, monogram of Matasunda.
M. -55. Wt. 1-2 gramme circ. Friedlander, PL II.
BADUILA.
SILVEE.
(With name of Justinian I.)
Siliqua.
1. Obv. DN IVSTINI ANVS P AV. Diademed bust in
armour and paludamentum, to right.
DN
Rev. Within wreath TT .
ILA
REX
M. *6. Copenhagen; Friedlander, PL II. 1.
(With name of Anastasius I., revived.)
Siliqua.
2. Obv.VN ANAS TASIVS P AVG. Similar bust to
right.
Rev. As on No. 1.
&. *6. Wt. 1-4 gramme circ. B.M. ; Friedlander,
PI. II. 2.
Quarter-Siliqua ?
8. Obv. Similar type ; but DN ANASTASIVS.
Rev. Same.
JR. '4. Wt. 1*44 gramme circ. B.M.; Friedlander,
PL II. 3.
, These coins, with the name of Anastasius, who had
been long dead, are very curious. We see from the
former coins that Baduila had no precedent for placing
any other than an imperial name with the imperial bust
on the obverses of his silver. The Ostrogoths having
been now for nine years at war with Justinian, his name
was rejected, and that of the dead Anastasius was put in
160 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
its stead ; afterwards this was again displaced by the
name of Baduila, as we see on the next coin.
(Without name of Emperor.)
Siliqua.
4. Obv. DN RADV ILA REX. Diademed bust in armour
and paludamentum to right.
Rev. As on No. 1.
!& *55. Wt. 1'4 gramme circ. B.M. ; Friedlander,
PI. II. 6.
(PI. II. 20.)
COPPEB.
(With name of Anastasius I)
Nummi or Minimi.
5. Obv. DN ANASTASIVS. Same type.
Rev. Within wreath (palm or laurel ?), monogram of
Baduila.
&. -4. B.M. ; Friedlander, PI. II. 5.
6. Obv. DN ANAS . . . AVG. Draped and filleted bust to
right.
Rev. Within wreath D
JE- -4. B.M. ; Friedlander, PI. II. 4. -
(Without name of Emperor).
Piece of Ten Nummi.
7. Obv. DN BAD VILA REX. Bust in richly jewelled robe
and arched crown facing.
Rev. FLOREAS SEMPER. Warrior standing towards
right, holding spear ; before him, X.
-ffi!. 1-35. Wt. 7'5 grammes circ. B.M. ; Fried-
lander, PI. II. 9.
Piece of Five Nummi ?
8. Same type.
^. -7. Wt. 4-2 grammes circ. B.M.
(PI. II. 21.)
(Though both these pieces are marked X, the first is double
of the second.)
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 161
Piece of Ten Nummi.
9. Obv. Similar.
DNB
ADV
Rev. Within wreath ; on ribbon of wreath, X.
REX
JE. -75. Wt. 7*4 grammes circ. B.M. ; Fried-
lander.
Piece of Five Nummi ?
Same Type.
2E. -7. Wt. 4-3 grammes circ. B.M.
Nummi or Minimi.
11. Obv. . . . . AD VI. Same type.
Rev. Lion walking towards right.
2E. '4. B.M.; Friedlander.
DN
12. Ok EIX
Rev. Within wreath, monogram of Baduila different from
that on No. 6.
M. -4. Friedlander, PL II. 11.
PAVIA.
Piece of Five Nummi.
13. Obv. FELIX TI CINVS. Female bust with mural
crown (Ticinius, i.e. Pavia) to right.
DN
Rev. Within palm wreath
REX
M. -6. Wt. 8 grammes circ. B.M. ; Friedlander,
PI. II. 7.
THEIA.
SILVER.
(With name of Anastasius I.)
Siliquas.
1. Obv. DN ANAS TASIVS PAG. Draped and diademed
bust, to right. 12
12 The representation of the armour and the cloak, copied at
first from the imperial series, becomes upon these coins gra-
162 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
DOM
Rev. Within palm wreath ^y . p
REX
JR. -5. Friedlander, PL III. 1.
2. Obo. DN ANASTA SIVS PF AG. Same type.
DN
Ito. Within palm wreath E
REX
M. '55. Wt. 1*3 gramme, drc. B.M. ; Friedlander,
PI. III. 2.
8. Obv. DN ANASTA SIVS AVG.
DN
/foi>. Within palm wreath THIL
AREX
JR. -6. Wt. 1-3 gramme, drc. B.M. ; Friedlander,
PI. III. 3. (PI. II. 22.)
OSTROGOTHIC COPPER.
(Without name of king.)
ROME.
Typel.
Piece of Forty Nummi.
1. Obv. INVICT A ROMA. Bust of Rome to right.
Rev. Wolf suckling twins ; above, XL ; in exergue, date
(II- -in- -mi- -IV- or -V-)
2E. 1. B.M. ; Friedlander.
Piece of Twenty Nummi.
2. Obv. Same.
Rev. Same ; above, ^>g % ; in exergue, XX.
M. &. B.M. ; Friedlander.
Type 2.
Piece of Forty Nummi.
8. Obv. Same.
Rev. Eagle with wings spread looking backwards ; beside
XL ; in ex., date (T- -A- '6' or -9').
M. 1-1. B.M. ; Friedlander.
dually more and more indistinct, till they are no longer se-
parable.
I THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 163
Type 3.
Piece of Twenty Nummi.
4. Obv. Same.
Rev. Tree, on either side of which, eagle looking backwards
towards it ; in exergue, -XX*
JE. -85. B.M. ; Friedlander.
BAVENNA.
Pieces of Ten.
Type 1.
5. Obv. FELIX R AVENNA. Female bust with mural crown
(Ravenna) to right.
Rev. Within wreath, monogram of Ravenna ; on band of
wreath, X.
JE. -65. B.M. ; Friedlander.
Type 2.
6. Obv. Same.
Her. Eagle on thunderbolt ; on either side, star of six
points ; in exergue, X.
JE. -65. B.M. ; Friedlander, PL III. 1.
Type 3.
7. Obv. Same.
Rev. Victory walking towards left, holding wreath and
palm branch ; on either side, R V.
JE. -6. Friedlander, PL III.
Type 4.
8. Obv. INVICTA ROMA. Same type as No. 1.
Rev. Same as reverse of No. 5.
JE. -6. Friedlander, PL HI.
The coins were struck by Rome and Ravenna to some
extent independently of the Ostrogothic kings.
164 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
UNCERTAIN OSTROGOTHIC SILVER.
There are certain silver coins which have the names of
Anastasius I. and Justinian I. upon the obverse, and on
the reverse a monogram which seems to read Teudaricus.
They differ from the monograms upon coins of this
prince, and the name of Justinian, who did not ascend the
throne until after the death of Theodoric, makes it im-
possible that they could have been struck by him. It is
by no means impossible, however, that the monogram of
so great a name might have been used after the death of
its owner.
(With name of Anastasius I.)
1. Obv. CNANA ITAIIVS. Draped and diademed bust to right.
Rev. Within palm-wreath, monogram as in Friedlander,
PL III. 1, b.
JR. -4. B.M.
(With name of Justinian I.)
2. Similar type, but D N IVSTIN IAN PPAVG.
JR. -45. B.M. ; Friedlander, PL III. 1, b.
3. Similar ; monogram slightly varied.
JR. -5. Friedlander, PL III. 1, c.
4. Similar ; monogram varied.
JR. -5. Friedlander, PI. III. 1, a.
It will be seen from the above coins, bearing in mind
what has been already said in discussing the Vandal
series, that the money is struck in close relationship with
that which was current in the Eastern Empire. The
solid us was, of course, the standard of value in every case.
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 165
The silver coin corresponded to the Byzantine siliqua, and
doubtless passed current for 250 nummi, not being, like
the Vandal silver coins, marked as the multiple of some
other denomination. The copper coins were not marked
XLII and XXI, like the Yandal copper, but XL and
XX, like that of the Empire.
What then do we learn from an examination of the
series of the Vandalic and Ostrogothic coins ? Evidently
that the countries in which they were struck did not undergo
the slow disintegrating process which abolished the civi-
lisation and trade of Gaul and Spain, and by doing so did
away with a regular coinage of all denominations. What-
ever we may read of the barbarous depredations of the
Vandals, it is clear that the people of Africa retained most
of their old ways of living together with a close inter-
course with the Eastern Empire. The same was the case
in Italy. Here, perhaps, the barbaric invasion was of
an even less destructive character, for among the Ostro-
gothic rulers of Italy we count men softened by the
influence of religion and culture such men as Theodoric
and Baduila.
C. F. KEARY.
(To be continued.)
VOL. xviii.
VIII.
ON A NEW PIECE OF BERMUDA HOG MONEY
OF THE VALUE OF TWOPENCE.
I GAVE in a former number of the Chronicle (vol. xvi.
p. 153) some account of two pieces of Hog Money of the
value of x.uct. and \id. respectively, and was not then
aware that any other piece existed. Shortly, however, before
leaving Bermuda in 1877 a coloured native brought me the
specimen figured in the annexed woodcut, which is of the
value of ik/., and is entirely new. All that I could collect
from him was that a child playing on the south shore of
the island, not far from Port Royal, had picked it up on
the beach, apparently washed up. It is in very fair pre-
servation, and the figure of the hog very spirited.
Obv. Figure of a hog under the numeral II., with no
legend.
Rev. A ship with three masts, flying the cross of St.
George at each mast-head.
The researches of the Historical MS. Commission have
brought to light a very interesting document among what
were formerly known as the Yelverton MSS., now in Lord
Calthorpe's possession, consisting of the proceedings of a
commission of sixteen merchants and others appointed
A NEW PIECE OF BERMUDA HOG MONEY. 167
by the Lords of the Council, under date 10th May, 1607, to
report to his Majesty
" Ffirst of the Inconveniences w ch befall to this king-
dome, w n our moneyes are undervalued by other nations,
and theire moneys overvalued either by publicke autho-
ritie or prouisition (sic) amongst the merchants. Secondly
what benifit would grow vnto the comonwealth by the
reformacion thereof, if according vnto justice and equitie
the price of exchange were ruled according to true value
for value or par pro part, the waighte and finenesse of
money beinge proportionally considered."
The result is a series of valuable reports and inclosures,
some of them dated October, 1611, and July, 1612, the
latter bearing the signatures of Tho. Parry and Fra.
Bacon, which, by the very obliging liberality of Lord
Calthorpe, I have been permitted to peruse. As might,
perhaps, have been expected, there is no reference made
in them to the license given to the Virginia Company in
1612 to provide a currency for their plantation a prece-
dent extended in 1615 to the Bermuda Company ; but
they disclose in a striking manner the condition of
things which made such a concession indispensable. The
stringency of the laws then in force against the exporta-
tion of coin from ths realm was such that it would appear
to have been impossible otherwise to have furnished the
young plantations with necessary currency ; and its
scarcity, due to causes which are carefully investigated,
had created great and well-founded alarm. Of these
causes a falling-off in the quantity of silver brought to
the Mint for conversion into coin is one of the principal.
In the last seven years of the reign of Elizabeth the
quantity of silver coined amounted in value to 844,433,
and in seven years (1611 1617) of James I. to no more
168 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
than 57,689 ; the gold coined in the same periods being
respectively of the values of 104,280 and 1,546,309. 1
This falling- off in silver is traced not to any diminution
in the quantity of the metal brought into the kingdom,
but to the high royalty charged on coinage 305. per Ib.
weight of gold, 2s. 6d. per Ib. weight of silver ; to the
immense consumption of the precious metals for purposes
of luxury ; and to the payment for foreign commodities
in coin of a fineness somewhat superior to that of other
countries, which was thus continually drained out of the
realm. It was in vain that the export of coin had been
for a long period made felony, and was even then attended
with the forfeiture of double its value. The reports show
in a most instructive manner how the instinct of trade
defies and evades restrictions ; and while they fail to pro-
pose remedies which stand the test of modern commercial
experience, they are exceedingly interesting in the proof
they afford that the principles of political economy were
even thus early in our history forcing their way to recog-
nition, and exacting penalties for disobedience. It would
be foreign to the present communication to enlarge on
this subject, but I may be permitted to express the hope
that the document may some day be published.
J. H. LEFROY.
1 From April, 1617, to Feb., 1620, silver money was coined
only to the amount of 1,070 15s. 4r/. (Hawkins, 1841, p. 159).
The scarcity of the metal began to be relieved in 1621 by the
working of the Welsh mines (id.).
MACEDONIAN AND GREEK COINS OF THE
SELEUCIDAE.
:
COINS OF HIERAPOLIS IN SYRIA, ETC.
.H. m
s. '*.'#**.- *
vC ^^^ >/ % ^ " - -
^^,^4 "&0^^ <'^^
r?s^ -.-:S^^.^r ;
OSTROGOTHS
COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE ETC. PLATE
IX.
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON THE COINS OF CONSTAN-
TINE I. THE GREAT, HIS FAMILY, AND HIS
SUCCESSORS.
(Continued.)
XXVI. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF THE EAST FROM
THE TIME OF ANASTASIUS (491) TO THE TAKING
OF CONSTANTINOPLE BY MAHOMET II. (1453). a
THE true Byzantine type of coinage commences under
Anastasius (491 518), who instituted a monetary reform.
During his reign, as well as during that of Justin I.
(518 527), the types of the gold and silver coins are
principally the usual Victory holding a globe on which is
a cross ; or else a large cross, or a staff surmounted by the
>pr ; whilst the >, -p, or >JC, are of frequent occurrence.
The A f, CO, or ^ >fe ma 7 be found on the small
silver coins of Justin I. (Sabatier, " Mon. Byz.," PI. IX.
Nos. 25, 26), types also appearing on those of Justinian I.
(British Museum, PI. VI. No. 1 ; Sab., PL XII. Nos.
15, 12 ; Of. A t Ul on M. PI. XVII. JSTos. 3638), and
a I have to record my best thanks to Professor Churchill
Babington, who not only volunteered to read the proofs of this
section, but who has greatly assisted me with many valuable
suggestions.
VOL. XVIII. N.S. A A
170 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
of Mauricius Tiberius with A f U) (PL XXIV., No. 14).
The copper coinage now, for the first time, bears an
index of its value which generally occupies the whole of
the field, almost always accompanied by crosses. For
examples bearing index values M, K, I, V, or 6, see Sab.,
PL IX. Nos. 3 19 (Anastasius). Some specimens (bear-
ing index M) show the Emperor Justin I. wearing the
^C on his breast (PL X. No. 1), or the f on his head
(No. 2).
In 527, Justinian was associated to the Empire by his
uncle Justin, and coins were struck of gold and copper
bearing both their portraits. On a very rare copper piece
formerly in the collection of Mr. de Salis, and now in the
British Museum, the word VITA appears for the first
time (PL VI. No. 2 ; Sab., PL XI. No. 22), a form
employed afterwards by Justin II. and Sophia (PL XXI.
Nos. 10, 12, 13), and by Mauricius Tiberius (PL XXIY.
No. 20), signifying, according to the Baron Marchant and
M. de Saulcy, Sit longa VITA !, but which the Abbe* Mar-
tigny 1 thinks, as the word is not found except on coins
where the cross is placed between the two heads, may
refer to the sign of the cross as the source of true life.
There are, however, apparently no traces of a cross
between the heads of Justin and Justinian. In favour of
the first interpretation, M. Sabatier mentions 2 the words
VINCASor NIKA on the contorniates, and the letters
Ntf PGreat! on the coins of Focas and Leontia (PL
XXVII. No. 26), 2a as also the letters P. A. Ml|L. or
1 "Diet, des Antiq. Chret.," p. 464.
2 " Mon. Byz.," vol. i. p. 170.
2a Professor Babington considers that it is impossible that
N. P (occurring between D. N. FOCAS and P. AVG.)
can be so explained. P is certainly for PQrpetuus. PRP.
occurs on several coins of Focas (Sab., PL XXVII. 7, 16). N.
seems to be for poster ; the remaining P. will stand for Pins.
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. 171
P. A. MVL. on the coins of Theodosius III., Leo the
Isaurian, and Constantine V. and Leo IV. (PI. XXXIX.,
XL.), these being interpreted Per knnos MVLfos \vivat
understood], but Mr. de Salis, who states that the legend
MVLTVS or MVLTVS ANNIS occurs for the first time
on the coins of Justinian II. without the letters PA,
considered 3 that these letters signified PAter or Pater
hugusti, as on the coins of Leo IV. and Constantine VI.,
where Leo III. and Constantine V. are called PhPpos
and PATJ HP (Sab., PI. XLI. No. 2), an opinion that
seems to have been adopted by M. Sabatier in other parts
of his work. 4 It may, however, be noted that Cavedoni
preferred to interpret the letters P. A. M^L.. or MVL.
as the initials of the words Perpetuus Augustus MVLtoties
or MVLtimodis ; but it is doubtful if this interpretation is
correct. 5
On the death of his uncle Justin, Justinian I. succeeded
to the throne (527 565), and in about his twelfth year
introduced his portrait full-face on the copper coinage,
adding the word ANNO together with a number marking
the year of his reign (Sab., PL XIII. No. 13). The J?
(reversed) may also be seen on the breast of this Emperor
(British Museum, PI. VI. No. 3 ; cf. Sab., PI. XII. No.
22), set as it seems on a plate surrounded by gems, and
the form )fc occupies the whole of the reverse of some of
the small brass coins (PL XVII. Nos. 2, 9).
The coins of the Ostrogoths in Italy, commencing at
the overthrow of Romulus Augustus (476 553), which
generally bear the portraits of Anastasius, Justin I., and
3 " Rev. Num.," 1859, p. 441.
4 " Mon. Byz.," vol. i. p. 74 ; vol. ii. p. 46.
8 "Rev. Num.," 1859, p. 399; cf. Eckhel, " Doct. Num.
Vet.," vol. viii. p. 228.
172 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Justinian L, and many of which carry on the farcical
legend of INVICTA ROMA, and the coins of the
Vandals in Africa (428 534), do not require any special
allusion in connection with the present subject.
The reign of Justin II. (565 578), with the exception
of the pieces of himself and his wife Sophia, with the
inscription VITA, to which I have already alluded, offers
no new type.
Under his successor, Tiberius II. Constantine (578
582), the cross is placed on four steps (British Museum,
PI. VI. No. 4 ; Sab., PI. XXII. No. 13), or on a circle
(British Museum, PI. VI. No. 6 ; Sab., PI. XXII. No.
17), or a globe (No. 18), types that become especially
common under Heraclius, whilst on some of his coins he
is represented holding the volumen and a sceptre sur-
mounted by an eagle, above which a cross (Sab., PI.
XXII. 15; XXIII. 1, 2, 13), a type occurring on the
coins of his successor, Mauricius Tiberius (582 602),
who also struck a very rare solidus (of which Sabatier
gives a woodcut, vol. i. p. 238), representing himself hold-
ing the volumen and a long cross, and Victory holding a
long sceptre surmounted by and a cross on a globe. 6
Sometimes the Emperor himself carries a long cross or
the -P (Sab., PL XXVI. Nos. 2126). The coins of
Focas (602 610) are of a similar type.
Heraclius (610 641), who issued coins of himself and
sons Heraclius Constantine, and Heracleonas, with the
title of Consul, an office that was not definitely abolished
till the reign of Leo VI. (886 912), 7 produced the
6 See XXV. B. The East, for a coin of Leo I. (Sab., PI. VI.
No. 19).
7 Barthelemy, " Rev. Num.," 1857, p. 256. On some of
the brass coins of Heraclius and Heraclius Constantine, instead
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE 1. 173
legend D6VS ADIVTA ROOOANIS on his silver coins
(British Museum, PI. VI. No. 6 ; Sab., PI. XXIX. No.
23), a legend which continues on the coins of his succes-
sors down to the time of Justinian II. (685). Some
of his copper coins present an entirely new feature, in
that the legend is completely Greek, instead of the curious
mixture of Greek and Latin, and reverts to the Constan-
tinian legend N Ttf TO NIK A (PI. VI. No. 7;
Sab., PI. XXVIII. No. 26), which appears in the form
h IOVTJCD hICAX.or hlCAl on the coins of
Basil II. and Constantine XI. (9761025; Sab., PL
XLYIII. Nos. 15, 16), and N TOVTO) NIKAT6 on
those of Michael VII. and Maria (10711078; Sab.,
PI. LI. No. 11).
The late Dr. Finlay has suggested 8 that the copper
coins of rude fabric with the N TfcTO NIKA legend
were probably coined by Heraclius for the use of the
troops and the provincials during his Persian campaigns,
in which theory, with the exception of the words " rude
fabric " as these coins are no ruder in general work-
manship than the rest of the copper currency of the
period the Hon. J. L. Warren agrees, adding that the
idea "deserves a conspicuous place among the theories
propounded on the origin of this type," and " that such a
of the usual + above the index M , there occurs the monogram
yfc (Sab., PI. XXX. Nos. 1,2). On a very small silver coin of
Heraclius (Sab., PI. XXVIH. No. 23), the reverse type is
+
R GO. The letters R m have been interpreted by M. de
0Pk
Saulcy ("Essai de Class, des Mon. Byz.," p. 58) as perhaps
Separator tf\undi, but M. Sabatier ("Mon. Byz.," vol. i. p.
269) has suggested Rotf\a. The same type appears on the
small silver coins of Constans H. (Sab., PI. XXXII. No. 14).
8 " Greece under the Romans," 2nd ed., 1857, p. 544.
174 NUMISMATIC CHRCXNICLE.
type would be peculiarly appropriate in a war against the
crescent and the infidels, thus re-adopting the labarum
motto translated, however, and thereby showing how
essentially Greek the Empire had become." 9 The same
type was continued by his son Constans (641 668) ; and
an interesting account of some coins of this Emperor and
his sons discovered in the Island of Cyprus has been
written by Mr. Warren. 10
Under Constantino V. Copronymus and his son Leo IV.
(751 775), the hand descending from Heaven occurs on
the gold coinage (British Museum, PI. VI. No. 8 ; Sab.,
PI. XL. No. 22). The hand blessing is also produced on
the coins of John I. Zimisces (PI. XL VII. No. 17) [see
our PI. VIII. No. 6], Michael IV. (PI. XLIX. No. 3),
Michael VI. (PI. XLIX. No. 16), Alexius I. Comnenus
(PL LIL No. 2), John II. Comnenus (PI. LIIL No. 19),
Manuel I. Comnenus (PL LV. Nos. 3, 4, 8), Isaac II.
Angelus (PL LVII. Nos. 15, 19, 20), John VIII. Palsco-
logus (PL LXIV. No. 2), and on those of the Emperors
of Trebizond (PL LXVII LXIX). 11 During the reign
9 "Num. Chron.," N.S., 1861, p. 229.
10 "Num. Chron.," N.S., 1861, p. 42.
11 The Greek benediction consisted mainly of the thumb
touching the tip of the ring-finger, while the forefinger, the
middle and the little finger are erected, in which some see the
intention to figure the letters A and U). According to some
the erect forefinger with the curved middle finger made I C
(i.e., 'Irjcrovs}, while the crossing of the thumb and ring-
finger, and the curving of the little finger made XC (i.e.,
Xpion-os). According to others, the thumb and ring-finger
crossed made X, the other fingers erect, with the fore and
middle fingers slightly separated, were supposed to represent
i/, I, the whole standing for 'I^crovs X/HOTOS VLKO.. In the Latin
benediction the thumb, the forefinger, and the middle finger "are
erected, while the other two are doubled down on the palm of
the hand, and the hand of our Lord is thus represented on
some monuments where He is performing a miracle (Rev. R.
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANT1NE I. 175
of Constantine V. Copronymus and Leo IV. the legend
IHS4S XRISTMS NIC A first appears round a cross
on the silver coins (British Museum, PI. VI. No. 9 ;
Sab., PI. XL. No. 25), though on copper coins with the
effigies of Leo III. (dead), Constantine V. and Leo IY.
(Sab., PI. XL. No. 17), of Leo IV. and Constantine VI.
(PI. XLI. No. 5), of Constantine VI. and Irene (PL XLI.
Nos. 8, 11), the letters X N for Xristus Nca may be
found, whilst the full legend occurs on their silver. Some-
^^ |b|
times the letters are triplicated as on coins of Irene : X N
X-N
(PL XLI. No. 13 ; see Sab. passim). Nicephorus I.
Logothetes (802811), however, struck the full legend
on a gold coin (Sab., PL XLI. No. 14), and it may be
generally found on the silver till the reign of John I.
Zimisces (969 976), 12 when the face of the Emperor is
represented within a circle (on the middle of a large
cross) surrounded by the letters JV (British Museum,
PI. VI. No. 10 ; Sab., PL XL VII. No. 19). On some
of his brass coins (Sab., PL XL VIII. No. 6), and on those
of Alexius I. Comnenus (10811118; PL LII. Nos. 18,
Sinker, in Smith and Cheetham, " Diet, of Christ. Antiq.," vol. i.
p. 199 ; Martigny, " Diet, des Antiq. Chret., s. v. Benir (Ma-
mere de) ; cf. Sab., " Mon. Byz.," vol. i. p. 29). The hand
from heaven, between the letters A and W, was adopted on
some of the pennies of ^Ethelred II. (978 1016 ; Ending,
XXII. 13 ; Hawkins, " Silver Coins of England," p. 67, PL
XVI. No. 206).
12 It was on the coins of this type of Michael I. Khangabe
(811813; Sab., PL XLII. No. 3), that the words bASlLIS
ROPOAIOh were first introduced 'a sad acknowledgment
of the existence of a rival Romanorum Imperator ' (" Saturday
Review," June 1st, 1861), and not much improved by the addition
of the epithet ffiGS AS, as on the coins of Michael III. (Sab.,
PI. XLIV. No. 13).
176 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
19), and on those of Andronicus IV. Pakeologus (1371
1373 ; PI. LXIII. No. 1), the legend is L2JJ1. 13
During the reign of Justinian II. (685 695), who had
been deposed on account of his cruelties in 695, and
banished to the Chersonese by Leontius with his nose cut
off, and hence his name of Rhinotmetus ('PH/OT/^TOS), but
who was restored to the throne, together with his son,
Tiberius, in 705, many innovations were introduced, the
most notable of which is the bust of Christ holding the
Gospels and giving the benediction with the legend dN.
IhS. ChS. RGX RGGNANTIHM, and the title of
SGR H . C h RIS1 1 (servus Christi), adopted by the Em-
peror. 14 On some of the coins the Emperor holds a globe
(on which is the word PAX), surmounted by a cross (Bri-
tish Museum, PI. VI. No. 11 ; Sab., PI. XXXVII. No.
2). The legend dN IhS. ChS. RGX RGGNANTiqM
is generally found on the gold coins, but it sometimes
occurs on the silver and copper (Sab., PI. XXXVII. No.
13 The wafer employed by the Greek church is round, and
the usual stamp on it is IHC | XC ("The Greek and Eastern
N I [ K A
Churches," p. 96, Relig. Tract Soc.). Alexius I. Comnenus
was the first emperor who was really Greek, and Latin after
his accession never again appears on the coins of the Roman
Empire, so that its transformation into the Byzantine monarchy
was then complete (Finlay, " Greece under the Romans,"
p. 545). The reverse legend of these coins is CP.
CVhGPTGI BACIA6I AAGXICJU, Ccorcp oWpyei/?ao-tA.eZ
'AAeia>, Saviour, help the King Alexius. It may be compared
with the legend DGVS ADIVTA ROmANIS, introduced
by Heraclius.
14 On the coins of Theophilus (829842) the legend becomes
O60FILOS SMLOS XRISXNS PIS3OS Gh
AVCO bASILGH ROPOAIOh (Sab., PI. XLIII. No.
10; cf. PI. LXX. No. 22).
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. 177
11 ; XXXVIII. Nos. 9, 12), and it is always accompanied
by the type of Christ represented in the four following
ways:
A. JS 7 o letters in the field. (1) Bust of Christ (without
nimbus] facing on a cross on the coins of Justinian II.
Rhinotmetus (685695 ; British Museum, PL VI. No.
11 ; Sab., PL XXXVII. Nos. 2, 11), and on his coins, and
those of his son Tiberius IV., after his restoration (705
711 ; Sab., PI. XXXVIII. Nos. 9, 12). During the
reigns of Leo III. the Isaurian 15 (716741), the first of
the Iconoclasts, of Constantine V. Copronymus (741
775), of Artavasdes and his son Nicephorus, usurpers
(742 743), of Leo IV. Charazes, son of Constantine V.
(775780), of his brother Constantine VI. (780797),
and of their mother Irene (797 802), all images of
Christ, of the Virgin and of the Saints were abolished,
though the legend IhSMS XRISTMS NICA without
any image, as I have above stated, was introduced dur-
ing the reign of Constantine V. Copronymus, and his son
Leo IV. (751775; British Museum, PI. VI., No. 9).
The bust of Christ facing on a cross was reproduced on
the coins of Michael I. Rhangabe (811813; Sab., PI.
XLIL No. 1), and, after another interval of about thirty
years, on those of Michael III. and his mother Theo-
dora (842856; Sab., PI. XLIV. No. 7), and on the
coins of Michael III. when reigning alone (856 866 ;
Sab., PL XLIV. No. 12), but with the legend IhSMS
XRIST1OS >K. On a brass coin of Michael VII. Ducas
15 Under Theodosius III. Adramyttenus, who only reigned
one year (716), some small silver coins were struck with the
legend AM NITA SD6I in three lines (Sab., PL
XXXIX. No. 3), Amoenitas Dei, the loving-kindness (i.e. the
grace) of God (by which he reigned). See note 19.
VOL. XVIII. N.S. B B
178 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
(1071-1078 ; Sab., PI. LT. No. 8) the bust of Christ on
the cross occurs between two stars but without any legend.
(2) Bust of Christ facing on a cross with nimbus from
the reign of Constantine X. and Romanus II. (948 959 ;
British Museum, PI. VI. No. 12; Sab., PI. XLYI.
No. 18), to that of Isaac I. Comnenus (10571059;
Sab., PL L. No. 1) inclusive. [Of. Sab., PI. XLVII.
Nos. 10, 11, 12, 17 (see our PI. VIII. No. 6 ; Types of
Virgin (j) ) ; PI. XL VIII. 16 Nos. 10, 19, 20 ; PL XLIX.
Nos. 3, 5.]
The nimbus is generally adorned with gems.
(3) Christ with nimbus cruciger seated facing, sometimes
holding the right hand raised, 1 " 1 from the reign of Basil I.
and Constantine IX. (869870; British Museum, PI.
VII. No. 1; Sab., PL XLIY. No. 22) to that of
Manuel I. Comnenus (11431180; PL LVI. No. 3).
[Cf. Sab., PL XLVI. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 6, 12; XLIX. Nos. 2,
4, 16, 17 ; L. Nos. 2, 6, 10.]
It was on the coins of this type (Sab., PL XLIX. No.
17) that Isaac I. Comnenus changed the type of the gold
coinage of the Empire, and impressed on it his own figure
with a drawn sword in his right hand, thereby, as the
Byzantine writers pretend, ascribing his elevation to
16 Concave pieces, called nummi scyphati, began to appear
under Basil II. and Constantine XI. (9761025), but they did
not become the prevailing type of the gold, silver, and copper
coinage until the end of the eleventh century (Finlay, " Greece
under the Romans," p. 543). Mr. King observes (" Early Christ.
Num.," p. 77) that " It is a laughable circumstance as proving
the superior veneration entertained by even the most super-
stitious of men for the earthly over the heavenly sovereign,
that it is always the Emperor who enjoys the benefit of the
shelter of the concave side, the Divine likeness having to bear
the brunt of circulation upon the convex part."
17 See vote 11.
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. 179
the throne, not to the grace of God, but to his own
courage. 17 *
(4) Christ with nimbus cruciger standing facing on the coins
of Theodora (10551056; British Museum, PI. VII.
No. 2 ; Sab., PI. XLIX. No. 13 ; see Types of Vir-
$(j)).
A coin of Romanus I., Constantine X., and Christo-
phorus (920 944) represents Christ with the cross at the
back of His Head standing crowning the Emperor Ro-
manus (British Museum, PL VII. No. 3; Sab., PI.
XLYI. No. 10.)
The type of Christ also occurs in the following various
ways accompanied by the letters ICf XC ('I^roi/s
Xjnoros).
B. Letters fC 1(5 in the field. (5) Bust of Christ
facing on a cross with nimbus. This type first appears on
the brass coins of John I. Zimisces (969 976 ; Sab., PL
XL VIII. Nos. 7, 8), but in some cases with the addi-
tion of the word 6MMANOVHA, and on the reverse
the legend +lhS4$ XRIST4S bASILH bASIL.6.
(British Museum, PL VII. No. 4 ; cf. Sab., PL XL VIII.
Nos. 3, 5, 6). The attribution of these anonymous pieces
to John Zimisces is founded on a passage of Scylitzes and
Cedrenus, where it is said that " the Emperor ordered to be
placed upon the coins the image of the Saviour, which had
not been done before ; and on the other side Latin letters
forming the sentence IESVS CHRISTVS REX RE-
GVM," 18 but this account can only refer to these copper
coins, as the bust of Christ occurs on coins of all three
17a Finlay, " Hist, of Byz. and Greek Empires," vol. ii. p. 12.
18 Eckhel, " Doct. Num. Vet.," vol. viii. p. 250 ; Sab., vol. ii.
p. 143.
180 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
metals of an earlier date. [See above, (1)]. It is some-
IC I XC
times connected with the legend ^ ^ (Sab., PL
1C
XL VIII. No. 6) ; or NI+KA (Sab., PL LVIII. No. 18),
XC
a form, as I have previously stated, occurring on the coins
of Alexius I. Comnenus (PL LIT. No. 18), and the legend
may also be found on the copper coins of Romanus IV.
Diogenes (1067 1070), but here, surrounding the bust
of Christ represented without the cross or the nimbus, and
with three globules on either side of His Head. (British
Museum, PI. VII. No. 5 ; Sab., PL LI. No. 3.)
The type continues from the time of Theodora (1055
1056 ; Sab., PL XLIX. No. 14) to that of John VIII.
Palseologus (14231448; PL LXIV. No. 1), and on
some of his coins (PL LXIII. Nos. 19, 20) as well as on
those of his predecessor, Manuel II. (13911423 ; PL
LXIII. Nos. 7, 9, 10), the bust is surrounded by stars or
crosses. 19 [Of. Sab., PL L. No. 8; LI. Nos. 1, 13, 14;
LIL Nos. 5, 6, 15 (10811118 ; only a cross) ; LIII.
Nos. 1, 7 ; LIV. Nos. 7, 17; LV. Nos. 8 (6 MM AN fc HA),
9; LVI.^No.Jh LVIII. Nos. 1 (O E MM AN HA),
7, 13 (TC XC illegible), 15; 18, 19 (12041261;
only a cross); LIX. No. 8; LX. No. 20; cf. LXII.
19 On the coins of Manuel, if Sabatier's plates can be trusted
the similar coins in the British Museum being in too poor
preservation to read the legends (in two circles) are M AISIO-
VHA AVTUJKPATUJP +V(sfc)XAPITI O HAA6O-
Aor or v(c)XPiTi(fo) Aecnorev TUJN PO-
MGOON. whilst on those of John VIII. there are clearly
iw. AecnoTHc o nAAeoAoroc + ov. XA
PITI BACIAGC TU). PwMeWN " By the grace of
God, King of the Romans," the Greek equivalent of Dei gratia
on our own money. See note 15.
20 Nos. 18 and 19 are anonymous coins attributed to the
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. 181
No. 6 (with legend + KVPI6 CWC6N [? CWCON-
TBC BACIA6IC); LXL No. 16; LXIII. Nos. 5, 8,
11, 12.] It may also be seen on some of the coins of the
Emperors of Nicaea and Thessalonica (Sab., PL LXV.,
LXVL). It is sometimes accompanied by the legend
KG. ROHO6I for Kvp t BOHO6I, Help us, Lord,
as on the coins of Alexius I. Comnenus (Sab., PI. LIII.
No. 10), and of Manuel I. Comnenus (PL LY. Nos. 5,
10; LVI. No. 5).
(6) Christ with nimbus cruciger seated facing sometimes
holding the right hand raised? 1 on a brass coin of John I.
Zimisces (969976 ; Sab., PL XLVIII. No. 4), having
on the reverse the legend + IS XC bASILG bASILI;
on a very rare coin of Constantine XIII. Ducas and
Eudocia (10591067; Sab., PL L. No. 9), on a gold
coin of Michael VII. Ducas (10711078; British
Museum, PI. VII. No. 6 ; Sab., PL LI. No. 4), and
from this time to that of Andronicus IV. Palseologus
(13711373; Sab., PL LXII. Nos. 19, 21). [Cf. Sab.,
PL LI. Nos. 12, 15, 16; LII. Nos. 3, 13; LIII. Nos. 3,
12, 17 ; (See our PI. VIII. No. 8) ; LIV. Nos. 8, 16 ;
LV. No. 12 ; LVI. Nos. 1, 2 ; LVIII. No. 6 ; LIX. Nos.
1, 9; 22 LXI. No. 10.] The type may also be seen on
some of the coins of the Emperors of Nicaea and Thes-
salonica (Sab., PL LXIV LXVII). 23 The words KG.
Latin Emperors of Constantinople. On the reverse of No. 19
there is represented the cross above the crescent, whilst two
crescents are in the field above the bust of Ch'ist on the
obverse. See note 22.
21 See note 11.
22 LIX. No. 1, is a coin of the Latin Emperors of Constanti-
nople. It has the type of the cross on the crescent. See note 20.
23 On a silver coin of Theodore III. Vatatses Ducas Lascaris
(1255 1259 ; Sab., PL LXV. No. 5), there occurs the legend
1C- AK interpreted by Baron Marc hant ("Lettre," XXIV.,
182 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
ROHOGI are sometimes added on the coins of Alexius I.
Comnenus (Sab., PI. LIT. No. 2), John II. Comnenus
(PI. LIII. No. 11), whilst on some of Andronicus II.
Palaeologus and Andronicus III. (1325 1328), the legend
is in full KVPIG BOHOei (Sab., PI. LXL Nos. 14, 15).
On some of the coins of Michael VIII. Palaeologus
(12611282 ; Sab., PI. LIX. Nos. 3 [See our PI. VIII.
No. 1 ; Types of Virgin (d)'\ to 6) Christ with nimbus
cruciger or nimbus is seated blessing the kneeling Emperor,
who is generally accompanied by the Archangel Michael.
(7) Christ with nimbus cruciger standing facing on the
coins of Nicephorus III. Botaniates (10781081) with the
obverse legend C. <f>. N. A. (Kvpie 0vAao-o- Ni/o^opov AecrTro-
rrjv, Lord, guard the despot Nicephorus ; Sab., PI. LI.
No. 18), [of. the surfrappe LIX. No. 2], of Alexius I.
Comnenus (10811118; Sab., PI. LIL Nos. 16, 17
[with K6. ROH0EI], 20), of Manuel I. Comnenus
(1143_H80; British Museum, PI. VII. No. 7; Sab.,
PL LV. No. 2), and of the Emperors of Trebizond (Sab.,
PI. LXVIII. No. 14). He is sometimes represented
standing with nimbus cruciger or nimbus crowning or
blessing the Emperor or Emperors, as on the coins of
Michael VII. Ducas (10711078; Sab., PL LI. No. 5),
John II. Comnenus (11181143; Sab., PL LIII. No.
pp. 355, 356), 'Lyo-ovs XpKrre [? Xpiorroy] icr^vpoi ACWTKO/HV, may
Jesus Christ strengthen Lascaris, and adopted by De Saulcy
(" Essai de Class, des Suites MOD. Byz.," p. 398), and
Sabatier ("Mon. Byz.," vol. ii. p. 296), but which may
perhaps be 'I^o-ov Xpiore la-^vpov Aao-Kapiv, Jesus Christ,
strengthen thou Lascaris. Professor Babington, however, thinks
that 1C XC is for 'Ii/trovs Xpioro's, standing as the explana-
tion of the figure. Cf. Sab., vol. ii. p. 190, No. 19; PL LIL
No. 17, 1C XC O K. ROHGei, 'IgcroOs Xpun-^. & K^ptc
fioYJOet. X is the abbreviation of Xpto-r, and not XC (see
our PI. VII. No. 3).
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. 183
18), Andronicus I. Comnenus (11821185; Sab., PL
LVIL Nos. 4, 5, 11), Andronicus II. Pateologus (1282
1328 the Emperor in prostration before Christ;
Sab., PI. LX. Nos. 1 5), Andronicus II. and his son
Michael IX. (12941320; Sab., PI. LX. Nos. 13,14;
LXI. Nos. 7, 9), Andronicus II., his wife Irene and
grandson Andronicus III. (13251328; Sab., PI. LXI.
No. 13), and on some of the coins of the Emperors of
Nicsea and Thessalonica (Sab., PI. LXIV, LXVIL).
Some coins of Alexius I. Comnenus, but attributed by
the late Mr. de Salis to Manuel (British Museum, PI. VII.
No. 8 ; Sab., PI. LIL No. 22), and Manuel I. Comnenus
(PI. LYI. No. 8) have the type of a six-rayed cross on
three steps between the letters Tc" XC* [Of. Sab., PI.
LVIII. No. 14.]
The Virgin Mary is also frequently represented on the
Byzantine Coinage in various postures, generally veiled,
and accompanied by the letters IVIP 0V (M^nyp eov).
(a) Bust of Virgin wiled facing and hands raised on a
gold coin of Leo VI. (886912; Cab. des Med., Paris;
PI. VII. No. 9; Sab., PL XLV. No. 11). Here we
have the name -fpriARIA+ as well as the letters
(b) Bust of Virgin with nimbus facing and hands raised
first occurs on the brass coins of Theophano (963 ; Sab.,
PL XL VII. No. 9), and of John I. Zimisces (969976;
Sab., PL XLVIII. No. 9), and may be found on the
coins of many Emperors down to the time of Andro-
nicus II. and Michael IX. (12941320 ; Sab., PL LXI.
No. 5). [Cf. Sab., PL XLIX. Nos. 12 (see our PI. VII.
No. 10), 15 ; L. No. 5 ; LI. No. 2 ; LIII. No. 19 ; LIV.
No. 9 ; LVIL Nos. 1, 8 ; LVIII. No. 3 ; LIX. No. 16].
(c) Bust of Virgin with nimbus facing holding a medal-
184 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
lion of Christ on her chest, from the time of John I.
Zimisces (969976; Cab. des Med., Paris, PI. VII.
NO. 11 ; Sab., PI. XLYII. No. 18) to that of Michael VII.
Ducas (10711078; Sab., PL LI. No. 7), and generally
accompanied by the legend 0K. BOH, or BO HOG I
(eoroKc, fiorjOei, Mother of God, help us; Sab., PI. L. No.
12; LI. No. 9). [Of. Sab., L. No. 12.] Sometimes the
medallion rests on her cJiest, whilst the hands of the Virgin
are raised, as on the coins of Nicephorus III. Botaniates
(10781081 ; Sab., PI. LI. No. 17), Alexius I. Comnenus
(10811118; British Museum, PI. VII. No. 12; cf.
Sab., PI. LII. Nos. 9, 10, 11; No. 21), and John II.
Comnenus (11181143; Sab., PL LIV. No. 14).
(d) Bust of Virgin with turreted nimbus on the coins
of Michael VIII. Pakeologus (1261 1282; British
Museum, PI. VIII. No. 1 ; Sab., PL LIX. No. 3 ; see
Types oj Christ (6)), Andronicus II. Pakeologus (1282
1328 ; Sab., PL LX. Nos. 1, 4), and Andronicus II. and
his son Michael IX. (12941320 ; Sab., PL LX. Nos. 13,
14).
(e) Virgin with nimbus seated facing, on coins of John
II. Comnenus (but with the hands outspread, 1118 1143 ;
Sab., PL LIV. No. 13), Manuel I. Comnenus (1143
1180; Sab., LV. No. 6; LVI. No. 4), and Michael VIII.
Pateologus (12611282; British Museum, PI. VIII.
No. 2 ; Sab., PL LIX. No. 5). Also on coins of the
Emperors of Nicsea (Sab., PL LXIV LXVI).
(f) Virgin with nimbus seated facing holding medallion
of Christ from the time of Michael VII. Ducas (1071
1078; Sab., PL LI. No. 5) to that of Andronicus II.
Pakeologus and Michael IX. (12941320 ; Sab., PL LX.
No. 16. [Cf. Sab., PL LII. No. 1 ; LIII. No. 18 ; LIV.
No. 1; LV. No. 11 ; LVI. No. 14; LVII. No. 15.] Also
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. 185
on coins of the Emperors of Trebizond (Sab., PL LXVII.
Nos. 11, 12).
(g) Virgin with nimbus standing, hands raised and
medallion of Christ on her chest, on the coins of Alexius I.
Comnenus (10811118; PI. VIII. No. 3; Sab., PI.
LII. Nos. 8, 12), and Andronicus I. Comnenus (1182
1185; Sab., PL LYII. No. 4), all with the legend
K- ROH06I, and on coins of Isaac II. Angelus (1185
-1195 ; Sab., PL LVII. No. 20 ; L VIII. No. 5). On some
of the coins of Andronicus I. the Virgin is holding the
medallion with both hands (11821185 ; Sab., PL LVII.
Nos. 5, 11).
(/t) Virgin with nimbus standing on a cushion holding
Christ (with nimbus cruciger) in her arms, on the gold
and silver coins of Romanus IV. Diogenes (1067 1070;
British Museum, PI. VIII. No. 4 ; Sab., PL L. JR. No.
15; N. No. 14).
(i) Virgin with nimbus standing facing and hands raised
from the time of Constantine XII. Monomachus (1042
1055; British Museum, PI. VIII. No. 5; Sab., PL
XLIX. No. 11) to that of Alexius I. Comnenus (1081-
1118; Sab., PL LII. No. 1, arms folded}. [Cf. Sab., L.
No. 7; LI. No. 6, with legend 4- 0K. ROH06I TU)
CU) AOVAU) (@eoTOK f /?o770a TO) 3o6Ao>, 24 Mother of
God, help thy servant}~\. Sometimes the half-length
figure of the Virgin is side-faced, as on the coins of
Manuel I. Comnenus (11431180; Sab., PL L VI. Nos.
12, 13).
(j) Virgin with nimbus, full figure, standing crowning or
blessing Emperor, from the time of Romanus III. Argyrus
24 On the gold coins of Theophilus (829842 ; Sab., PL
XLIII. Nos. 4, 5) the legend is CVRIG bOHOH. tO SO
SOVAO (Ku/oie (Borj6f.i TO) CTOJ 8ouAu>).
VOL. XV11I. N.S. C C
186 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
(10281034; Sab., PI. XLIX. No. 2) to that of
Manuel I. Comnenus (11431180; Sab., PL LV. Nos. 7,
12; LYI. Nos. 2, 3). [Of. Sab., PI. L. No. 2; LIIL
Nos. 1114; LIY. Nos. 8, 15.] The type may also be
seen on the coins of the Emperors of Nicaea (Sab., PI.
LXV. Nos. 2 4). On one coin of John I. Zimisces
(969976 ; British Museum, PI. VIII. No. 6 ; Sab.,
PI. XLVII. No. 17 ; see Types of Christ (2)) the Virgin
is represented half-length.
On a gold coin of Nicephorus II. Focas (963969 ;
British Museum, PI. VIII. No. 7 ; Sab., PI. XL VII.
No. 12), she is represented half-length presenting the
Emperor with a long cross which they both hold, a type
again appearing on some of the coins of the Emperors of
Thessalonica (Sab., PI. LXVII. No. 1). On another of
Theodora, to which I have already alluded (see Types of
Christ (4) ; our PI. VII. No. 2), she is standing full-
length with the Empress, both holding the labarum, and on
some coins of Michael VIII. Palzeologus (12611282 ;
Sab., PI. LIX. Nos. 10, 11) she is represented half-length
holding the labarum on which -(-.
On a brass coin of John V. Paleeologus (13411391 ;
Sab., PL LXII. No. 17) she is represented as shaking
hands with the Emperor.
From these statements it can be gathered that the
types of Christ and the Virgin were introduced in the
following chronological order :
DATE. CHRIST. THE VIRGIN.
685 Bust facing on cross.
[Types of Christ (1).]
869 Seated with nimbus cruciger.
[Types of Christ (3).]
886 Bust facing, veiled.
[Type* of Vini'iu (a).]
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. 187
DATE. CHRIST.
920 Standing with cross at back
of head.
[Types of Christ (4).]
948 Bust facing with nimbus cru-
ciger.
[Types of Christ (2).]
963
969 Bust facing with nimbus cru-
ciger and fC XC.
[Types of Christ (5).]
Seated with nimbus cruciger
and 1C XC
[Types of Christ (6).]
1028
1042
1055 Standing with nimbus cru-
ciger.
[Types of Christ (4).]
1067 Bust facing without cross
or nimbus, and 1C X^
[Types of Christ (5).]
1071 Standing with nimbus cru-
ciger or nimbus crowning
or blessing Emperor, and
fc-xc.
[Types of Christ (7).]
1078 Standing with nimbus cru-
ciger and 1C XC.
[Types of Christ (7).]
THE VIRGIN.
Bust facing with nimbus
and hands raised.
[Types of Virgin (b).]
Half-length figure present-
ing cross to Emperor.
[Types of Virgin (j).]
Bust facing with nimbus
holding medallion of
Christ on her chest.
[Types of Virgin (c).]
Half-length figure with
nimbus crowning or bless-
ing Emperor.
[Types of Virgin (j).~]
Full-length figure with
nimbus crowning or bless-
ing Emperor.
[Types of Virgin (;).]
Standing with nimbus and
hands raised.
[Types of Virgin (t).]
Full-length figure with
nimbus holding the laba-
rum with the Empress.
[Types of Virgin (_/).]
Standing with nimbus hold-
ing Christ with nimbus
cruciger.
[Types of Virgin (A).]
Seated with nimbus holding
medallion of Christ.
[Types of Virgin (/).]
Bust with nimbus, medal-
lion of Christ on chest
and hands raised.
[Types of Virgin (tf).]
188
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
DATE. CHRIST.
1081 Bust facing on cross only
and I~C-XC.
[Types of Christ (5).]
1118
1143
1182
1204 Bust facing on cross only,
1261
[Types of Christ (6).]
1282 Standing with nimbus cru-
ciger blessing prostrate
Emperor, and JO XC
[Types of Christ (7).] '
1341
1391 Bust surrounded with stars
or crosses, and 1C XC.
[Types of Christ (5).] "
[Types of Christ (5).]
Seated with nimbus cruciyer
or nimbus blessing kneel-
ing Emperor, and |C
THE VIRGIN.
Standing with nimbus, me-
dallion of Christ on chest
and hands raised.
[Types of Virgin (</).']
Standing with nimbus and
arms folded.
[Types of Virgin (i).]
Seated with nimbus and
hands outspread.
[Types of Virgin ().]
Seated with nimbus.
[Types of Virgin ().]
Half-length figure with
nimbus side-faced.
[Types of Virgin (i).]
Standing with nimbus hold-
ing medallion of Christ
with both hands.
[Types of Virgin (#).]
Bust with nimbus within
walls.
[Types of Virgin (d).]
Half-length figure holding
labarum.
[Types of Virgin (j).]
Standing with nimbus
shaking hands with Em-
peror.
[Types of Virgin (;).]
The representation of the figures of SAINTS begins to
come into general use about the time of Michael VI. (1056
1057). The following SAINTS and ANGELS appear on the
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. 189
Byzantine coinage, sometimes standing with the Emperor,
sometimes alone ; sometimes the bust, full or side-face,
only is given ; and in some cases the types are accom-
panied by legends as O APX. MIX., O AHOC
MIXAHA, O AHOC AHMHTPIOC, O A. IWANIM.,
etc., etc. :
(1) St. Alexander, on a rare gold coin of Alexander
(912 913) standing bearded blessing the Emperor and
holding a globe cruciger (Sab., PL XL VI. No. 3).
(2) St. Michael the Archangel on coins of Michael VI.
(10561057; Sab., PL XLIX. No. 16), Isaac II. Angelus
(11851195; PL LVIL Nos. 15, 17, 21, 22; LVIII.
Nos. 4, 5, 7, 8), Michael VIII. Palseologus (12611282 ;
PL LIX. Nos. 37 [See our PL VIII. No. 1], 10, 12,
14, 15 on horseback), Andronicus II. Palaeologus (1282
1328; PL LX. Nos. 1012), Andronicus II. and
Michael IX. (12941320 ; PL LXL Nos. 79), and
John Angelus Oomnenus, Emperor of Thessalonica (1232
1234 ; PL LXVII. No. 2). Sometimes St. George occurs
on the same coins, as on those of Isaac II. Angelus (1185
1195 ; PL LVIL No. 18), or St. Theodore, as on those of
Andronicus II. and III. (13251328 ; PL LXII. No. 3),
or St. Demetrius, as on those of Manuel I. Angelus, Empe-
ror of Thessalonica (12301232 ; PL LXVI. Nos. 11, 12).
(3) St. Constantine on the coins of Alexius I. Com-
nenus (10811118; Sab., PL LIL Nos. 16, 17).
(4) St. George on the coins of John II. Comnenus
(11181143; Sab., PL LIII. Nos. 1517 [see our
PL VIII. No. 8], LIV. Nos. 1, 10, 13), Manuel I.
Comnenus (1143 1180; PL LVI. No. 10), Andronicus
I. Comnenus (11821185 ; PL LVIL No. 13), Isaac II.
Angelus (11851195 ; PL LVIL Nos. 18, 19), Andro-
nicus II. Palseologus (12821328 ; PL LX. Nos. 6, 8),
190 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
and on the coins of some of the Emperors of Niceea (PI.
LXV. No. 1; LXVL No. 4). Of. PL LXX. No. 19.
[See St. Michael.']
(5) St. Theodore on coins of Manuel I. Comnenus
(11431180; Sab., PI. LV. No. 2 [see our PI. VII.
No. 7]), Isaac Ducas Comnenus (11821191; PI. LVIIL
No. 9), Andronicus II. and III. (13251328 ; PI. LXII.
No. 4), and Theodore III. Vatatses Ducas Lascaris, Em-
peror of Nicsea (12551259; PI. LXYI. Nos. 1, 3, 5, 6).
[See St. Michael.']
(6) St. Demetrius on coins of Manuel I. Comnenus
(11431180; Sab., PL LV. No. 9), Andronicus II.
Palsnologus (12821328 ; PL LX. No. 5), Andronicus II.
and III. (13251328 ; PL LXII. Nos. 7, 12), John V.
Palseologus (13411391 ; PL LXII. Nos. 1719), and
of the Emperors of Nictea (PL LXV. Nos. 57, 1113 ;
LXVL Nos. 2, 3), and Thessalonica (PL LXVII. No. 3.)
[See St. Michael].
(7) St. Andronicus on coins of Andronicus II. and III.
(13251328 ; Sab., PL LXI. No. 17).
(8) St. Eugenius on the coins of the Emperors of
Trebizond (12041462; Sab., PL LXVII. LXVIII.
No. 1, etc., No. 8 on horseback [see our PI. VIII.
No. 9] ; PL LXIX., LXX.).
(9) St. John on coins of John I. Comnenus Axouchos,
Emperor of Trebizond (12351238; Sab., PL LXVII.
Nos. 9, 10).
(10) Unknown on coins of John II. Comnenus (Sab.,
PL LV. Nos. 1, 11, ? St. Theodore), Alexius II. Angelus
(PL LVIIL No. 9 bis), Manuel II. Pakeologus (PL LXIII.
No. 13 on horseback, ? St. Demetrius), John VIII. Palaso-
logus (PL LXIV. No. 2, ? St. John}, and Manuel I. An-
gelus, Emperor of Thessalonica (PL LXVL No. 9).
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. 191
The head or body of a Seraph, surrounded by wings,
occurs on the coins of Andronicus I. Comnenus (Sab.,
PI. LVII. Nos. 9, 10), Andronicus II. and Michael IX.
(PL LX. No. 19 ; LXI. No. 11), and John III. Ducas
Vatatses, Emperor of Nicaea (PL LXX. No. 15), very
similar in form to the Seraphim and Cherubim, engraved
in Smith and Cheetham, " Dictionary of Christian Anti-
quities," s. v. " Angels and Archangels."
On some coins of Romanus I. and II., Constantirie X.,
Nicephorus II. Focas, John Zimisces, Basil II., Manuel I.
Comnenus, and Alexius III. Angelus Comnenus, the
initial letters of the names of these Emperors are so
placed as to form a cross (Sab., PL I. Nos. 54 60, 6-3,
68, 69) ; 25 in some cases, as on the coins of Romanus I.
and II., taking the form of an anchor (Nos. 53, 54, 55),
whilst on the coins of Romanus IV., Alexius I. Comnenus
and Baudouin (Nos. 65, 67, 71), the initials are figured
around a Maltese cross.
To the reign of John I. Zimisces (969976) is attri-
buted by Eckhel 26 a remarkable brass coin or medal,
A
25 On the coin of Alexius III. the monogram is K+<J> (Sab.,
A
PL I. No. 69 ; PL LVIII. No. 10). M. de Saulcy has sug-
gested (" Essai de Class, des Suites Mon. Byz.," p. 359) as
its interpretation 'AAetos "AyyeAos Ku/Ho0i'Aos, quoting in
corroboration the inscription on an enormous medallion of
Nicephorus III. Botaniates (with the bust of the Virgin),
published by Ducange (" Fam. Byz.," p. 137; cf. Sab., vol. ii.
p. 179, note) OK. BOH0GI NIKhWOPfl <MAO
XPIZTH AEZnOTH TO BOTANEIATH, adding that
there would be nothing strange in the analogous express'on
<KA.os Kvptov or Kupto^t'Aos ; but K4* can scarcely stand for
Kvpio0i'Aos. It is perhaps preferable to interpret these letters as
Kvpt (uAacro-e 'AAeiov 'AyyeAov [see Types of Christ (5), and
our PI. VII. No. 5 ; and Types of Christ (7) ; Sab., PL LI.
No. 18]. - 6 Doct. Num. Vet.," vol. viii. p. 251.
192 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
which Tanini 27 had given to Constantine I., of which
the following is a description :
Obv. Protome adversa nimbata servatoris prorninentibus
pone crucis radiis.
Rev. AN ACT AC 1C. Templum rotundum, hinc et
illinc miles excubitor humi jacens. ^E. II.
It at one time caused considerable discussion, 28 and the
temple on it has been supposed to represent the church
built by Constantine I. the Great, over the Sepulchre at
Jerusalem from which Christ arose (T^S o-om^ou 'ANA2-
TASEO3 yuapTvpiov), 29 and hence the name of Anastasis, i.e.
Resurrection, and the orthodox Greek Church commemo-
rates the dedication of the Church of the Anastasis, by
Constantine the Great ('Ey/caiVia TOV NaoO 1-775 dyias rov XptoroG
K al eov r)/xSv 'ANASTASEO2), on September 13th. 30 But,
as Eckhel has remarked, why go to Jerusalem for this
church, when Sozomen relates 31 that Gregory of Nazian-
zen preached at Constantinople in a dwelling which had
been altered into a house of prayer, and which, subse-
quently, became one of the most remarkable in the city
by the magnificence of its decorations and the special
revelations which were there vouchsafed by the grace of
God. Sozomen adds that "the name of Anastasia was
given to this church ('ANA^TA^IAN Se ravrrjv rr/v (KK\.rj<ruxv
6vofjidt,ov<nv) , because (as he believed) the Nicene doctrines
27 Page 280.
28 See "H. Valesii Epistola de Anastasi et Martyrio Hiero-
solymitano," in Eusebius, " Vita Const.,'' ed. Heinichen, p. 501,
Lips. 1830.
29 Euseb. " Vit. Const.," iii., c. 28, 29 seq. ; " Orat. de laud.
Const.," c. 9.
30 Prof. Cheetharn, Smith and Cheetham, "Diet, of Christ.
Antiq.," s, v. "Anastasis."
31 "Hist. Eccles.," vii., c. 5.
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. 193
which were buried beneath the errors of heterodoxy at
Constantinople, were here brought to light (dvamj) and
maintained by Gregory," whilst others, he says, "ascribe
the origin of this name to a miracle, and relate that one
j when the people were met for prayer, a pregnant
woman fell from the highest gallery and was found dead,
>ut that at the prayer of the whole congregation she was
restored to life, and she and her infant were saved."
Whatever may be the interpretation of the legend, I
must add that no specimen of this piece is in the British
Museum ; that no mention is made of it either by
De Saulcy or Sabatier, and that it does not seem to me to
be above suspicion. Sla
During the same reign some brass coins or tokens,
which have been published by Dr. Friedlaender, slb were
issued, (1) having on the obverse the bust of Christ, with
nimbus and the letters 1C XC, and on the reverse the
legend GUlAAN ElZeiTOY CneiMHTAC -
31a From a representation of this piece in Marnachi (" Orig.
et Ant. Christ.," vol. i. p. 287, ed. Matranga, Rom. 1841), with
a drawing of which I have been favoured by Professor Babing-
ton, it would seem that this is a medal, and certainly of much
later date than the time of Constantine. It was formerly in the
Vettori Museum. Another medal given by the same author
(vol. i. p. 240) has a similar bust of Christ on the obverse, but
on the reverse the legend REDEMTIO FILMS HOMI
NVM IORDA (in exergue), and the type the baptism of
Christ by John. De Rossi ( Bullett. di Arch. Crist.," 1869,
p. 58) thinks that the ANACTACIC medal was made to be
bought by the pilgrims as souvenirs of their visit to the Church
of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem, and evidently considers it
mediieval, but says that both it and the IORDA medal are
" non meno incerte ed enigmatiehe " than the Pasqualini medal
[see note 35], The "Jordan medal" is now in the Vatican,
and De Rossi confesses that he cannot form in his mind " un
giudizio sull' eta e sull' arti di questa medaglie " in fact, he
rather suspects its genuineness.
sib <c Numismatische Zeitschrift," Vienna, vol. ii., 1870.
VOL. XVIII. N.S. D D
194 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
OTP6<I>UJN, and (2) on the obverse AA N6IZGI
O6UJ, and on the reverse OGAG WiSHTTUJ-XON,
which may be interpreted, eu> Savtife rov<s TreV^ras 6 rpe^coi/
and 8ai/eia ec3 6 eAeW TTT^XOV (He that hath pity upon the.
poor lendeth unto the Lord). Both are translations of the
same Hebrew verse (Prov. xix. 17), and the latter is the
exact translation of the LXX. The first piece is in the
collection of Prince Philip of Saxe-Coburg, the second
in the Museum at Basle. Dr. Friedlaender remarks, " It
is curious that the coins of the smallest value are always
those which remind the possessor to give them to the
poor."
During the reign of John II. Comnenus (1118 1143),
according to the late Baron Marchant, 32 or of John V.
Palseologus (1341 1391), according to the late Mr. de
Salis, and with greater probability, a most remarkable
brass coin was issued representing the Emperor with
nimbus holding the labarum on which X, and on the
reverse the three Magi worshipping the Virgin and child,
accompanied by the letters 6 ^ (PL VIII. KTo. 10).
This piece, which is in the British Museum, is considered
by Mr. Grueber to be undoubtedly genuine. The inscrip-
tion is probably G YAOyGn-e or rather GYAOy^Gr*;, which
would not be inappropriate, as we know that the Virgin
was hailed by her cousin Elizabeth as " Blessed among
women, and blessed the fruit of her womb " (EvAoy^eVi; o-v
vyvvail, Kal ev\oyr;/x,cVos 6 KapTros rijs KOiAias trov. Luke i. 42).
Another specimen of very similar reverse type, but
having on the obverse the bust of Christ facing with
nimbus cruciger and the legend GMMANVHL (sic), was
formerly in the Pembroke Collection, and passing into the
32 " Mel. de Numismatique."
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTIXE I. 195
Cabinet of the late Mr. Wigan, is now in the possession of
the Rev. S. S. Lewis (PI. VIII. No. 11), who has pub-
lished and engraved it in the new edition of Dr. Farrar's
"Life of Christ/' 33 Mr. Lewis most kindly sent me the
piece to see, and I must confess that I am not altogether
favourably impressed with its appearance. I may observe
that Mr. Burgon, the author of the "Pembroke Sale Cata-
logue," 34 classed it among "early fabrications in copper
bearing imaginary types," and stated that " the composi-
tion can hardly be regarded as genuine, but as the metal
and surface are antique, it must (if false) have been pro-
duced by means of a punch and an engraving tool, princi-
pally by the former. The workers in niello, in Italy, in
the fifteenth century, used their tools in a manner which
is almost inconceivable." If, however, there is no doubt
about the authenticity of the piece in the British Museum,
we can hardly reject this one as spurious on account of
its composition. The two birds (? doves) in the exergue
of the reverse are suggested by Mr. Lewis to " delicately
symbolise the Purification." 35
It may be, as Martigny has suggested, 36 that medals or
33 Ed. Cassell, Fetter and Galpin, p. 21. M Page 824.
35 Professor Babington has pointed out to me that Do Rossi
(" Bullett. di Arch. Crist.," 1869, p. 45) gives a figure of what
he is fully persuaded is this medal, but drawn about three times
the natural size. The figure is from a drawing by Menetrier,
made in 1629, and now in the Imperial (National) Library at
Paris. It was then in the possession of Pasqualini, afterwards
in the Kircherian Museum, and is now, according to De Rossi,
lost (smarrito). De Rossi inclines to think it belongs to about
the second half of the fifth century or the first half of the sixth
(" Bullett.," p. 54), but Professor Babington does not believe it
is nearly so old, and from its style considers it to be at least
as late as the time of John Zimisces, in which view I fully
agree. See note 31a.
36 "Diet, des Antiq. Chret.," p. 383.
196 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
medallions of this description were frequently struck for
suspending round the neck, as was done with the verres
dores with the same subject. 37
The representation of the Adoration of the Magi on
both these pieces, especially on the latter, is very similar
to that on a fresco of the cemetery of Callistus, engraved
by Martigny, 38 or to that on a fresco in the cemetery of
St. Marcellinus, engraved by the Rev. W. H. Withrow. 39
On the 29th of May, 1453, Mahomet II. made his
general assault on Constantinople. In vain had the
celestial image of the Virgin been exposed in solemn
procession. The last of the Palgeologi, Constantine XI 1 1.*
fell by an unknown hand on the walls of his capital.
" It was thus, after a siege of fifty-three days, that Con^
stantinople, which had defied the power of Chosroes, the
Chagan, and the Caliphs, was irretrievably subdued by
the arms of Mahomet II. Her empire only had been
subverted by the Latins; her religion was trampled in
the dust by the Moslem conquerors." 40
Mahomet II. immediately issued coins (Sab., PI. LXIY,
Nos. 4, 5) with the barbarous legend, +OM M6AHKIC
nACHC POMA[C] (or PwMANIA[C]) KAI ANA-
TOAHC MAXAMATHC, which has been explained
by the late M. Lenormant, the Sovereign of all Greece and
Anatolia, Mahomet.
FREDERIC W. MADDEN.
37 Garrucci, " Vetri.," iv. No. 9.
38 "Diet, des Antiq. Chret.," p. 883.
39 " The Catacombs of Rome," p. 306. Lond. 1877.
40 Gibbon, " Rom. Emp.," eel. Smith, vol. viii. p. 172.
ADDENDA.
INTRODUCTION. I am indebted to the Rev. Prof. Churchill
Babington for the following note : " Some have thought
that a few scattered examples of Christian symbols are
earlier than the reign of Constantine. Among the kings
of Edessa, Abgar Bar Manu, or Abgar VIII. (who reigned
A.D. 153 188, according to Langlois), is said to have been
' a holy man ' (iepos av^p, Jul. Afric. in Euseb. ' Chron.,'
Olymp. 149, 1), and as he patronised the Christian Bar-
desanes, and forbade the worship of Cybele, it has been
inferred that he was a Christian, and this inference is
thought to be ' strengthened by the fact that on the
coins of this prince the usual symbols of the old national
worship are for the first time wanting, and the sign of
the cross appears in their place.' (JSTeander, ' Ch. Hist./
vol. i. p. Ill; Bohn, following Bayer, 'Hist. Osr. et
Edess. ex Num. illustr.,' lib. iii. p. 171, who figures two
coins of an Abgarus, contemporary with Severus and bear-
ing his head, in which a cross appears on the tiara.) The
cross is formed in one case of five dots (pearls), in the
other the central dot becomes oval. The chronology of
these kings is doubtful. Neander places Abgar Bar
Manu between 160 170, but it seems impossible, in any
case, that these coins can belong to him. The cross, how-
ever (apparently of five united dots), 41 is found on a coin
41 A coin of Abgar and Commodus, obtained in the East by
the Rev. G. I. Chester, now in the possession of the Rev. Prof.
Babington, has a cross formed by two lines apparently ; but
these may have been five dots in the perfect state of the coin.
198 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
of Abgarus having the head of Commodus on the reverse
(Langlois, ' Num. de PArmenie,' PI. IV. No. 7), who may
be Abgar VIII. That which is certain about these coins
is, that on some coins of an Abgar contemporary with
Severus, a cross occurs on the diadem, while on others we
have the crescent surmounted by a star, taken by Bayer
and Neander to be the symbols of the old national wor-
ship. Upon the whole it seems best to regard the cross
as only a cruciform star, with which the heads of the
Dioscuri are sometimes surmounted, without any Christian
significance."
I am quite of Prof. Babington's opinion, and the coin
of Abgar and Commodus that is engraved (PI. VIII.
No. 12), shows a + or a X on the tiara of Abgar.
I. The Padre Garrucci has called my attention to
some of the brass coins of the Emperor Maxentius, on
which an hexastyle temple is represented, on the tym-
panum of which may be seen X and ^ (PI. VIII.
Nos. 13, 14), stating that these signs can be explained by
the arbitrary acts of the mint-masters, who were for the
most part Christians at the time when Maxentius ap-
peared to reconcile himself to the Church, recognising its
Head and restoring the use of the cemeteries in Home to
the Christians, and adding that he will give a more
detailed explanation in his " Storia dell' arte Cristiana."
I am unable to find out about " the restoration of the
cemeteries," but Eusebius states 42 that Maxentius, who
had made himself master of Rome, "at first made an
hypocritical profession of our religion to please and flatter
the people of Rome, and commanded his subjects to for-
bear persecuting the Christians, pretending to piety and
43 "Hist. Eccles.," viii. c. 14.
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. 199
desiring to appear much more mild and merciful than his
predecessors. But he by no means proved in his actions
such as was expected."
It is just possible that these may be Christian symbols,
as Garrucci suggests, but it is doubtful.
XIV. The Padre Garrucci sends me a description of
the following unpublished gold coin of Constantine I. the
Great :
Obv. CONSTANTINVS MAX. AVG. Bust
crowned with gems and laurels, or surrounded
by laurels interwoven with gems, with paluda-
mentmn and cuirass.
Rev. RESTITVT. ORBIS. Constantine to the
right in military dress, with a globe in his right
hand, leaning on a spear ; opposite a female
figure holding a crown to place on his head ;
between them a cross, + &
XV. note 168. After " later date " add : Indeed, it has
been suggested (" Edinburgh Review/' vol. cxx. 1864, p.
$J29) that this inscription refers to the Emperor Flavius
Constantius and Constantius Gallus Caesar, who were
consuls in 352, 353, and 354.
XXV. The Padre Garrucci has also called my attention
to the coin of Pulcheria, on which I read the word N P B T 1 1 S
(sic), stating that this should be NMBTIIS, this form of
the u (M) being in use in the East, and on a brass coin of
Anastasius it is so engraved by De Saulcy. 43 Mr. Grue-
ber has kindly examined for me the coins in the British
Museum, and on several of those of Basiliscus (476 477 ;
cf. Sab., PL VIII. No. 14) this letter occurs. The use of
the form N, however, seems to have been limited, and is
not the one which was afterwards generally adopted in the
43 " Essai de Class, des Suites Mon. Byz.," PI. I. No. 4.
200 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
East. On the coins of Tiberius II., a century later (574
582), the form of the u is H , and after this period this
latter form becomes quite common on the coins of the
Byzantine Empire.
XXVI. Types of Christ (7) ; Saints (3). The coins
given by Sabatier (PI. LII. Nos. 16, 17) to Alexius I. Com-
nenus were attributed by the late Mr. de Salis to
Alexius III. Angelus (1195 1203). 44
F. W. M.
44 F. W. Madden, " Blacas Collection," " Num. Chron.,"
N.S., 1868, vol. viii. p. 56.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES VI., VII., AND VIII.
PLATE VI.
1. Obv. D. N. IVSTINIANVS P. P. AVG. Bust
of Justinian I. with diadem to the right.
Rev.k f W- ^.
(British Museum ; Sab., PI. XII. No. 15.)
2. Obv. D. N. IVSTINVS 6T [IVST]INIAN. Busts
of Justin I. and Justinian I. facing, both with
nimbus; beneath, VITA.
fte Vf Index K with the differential A; to the left a
long cross between the letters j ^- ^E-
(British Museum ; Sab., PI. XI. No. 22.)
3. Obv. D. N. JVSTINIANVS P. AG {sic). Bust
of Justinian I. to the right with diadem. On
the chest the ^ (reversed).
Rev. Index M, with the differential I", between a star
and a long cross ; above, a small cross ; in the
exergue KART. &.
(British Museum ; cf. Sab., PL XII. No. 22.)
4. Obv. D. N. Tib. CONSTANT. P. P. AV. I.
Bust of Tiberius II. Constantine facing, wearing
a diadem surmounted by a cross, holding a globe
on which a cross, and a shield ornamented with a
horseman.
Rev. VICTORIA AVGG.T. Cross on four steps;
in the exergue CONOB. N.
(British Museum ; cf. Sab., PI. XXII. No, 13.)
VOL. XVIII. N.S. E E
202 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
5. Obv.D. m. COST[ANT]INVS (sic) P. P. AG.
(sic). Bust of Tiberius II. Constantine to right,
with diadem.
Rev. VICTOR TlbERI A MS. Cross on a circle ;
in the exergue C O M O B . Hatf-solidus. N.
(British Museum; cf. Sab., PL XXII. No. 17.)
6. Obv. DD. NN. hGRACLIVS 6T H6RA.
CONST. Heraclius and his son, Heraclius
Constantine, seated facing, wearing diadems
surmounted by crosses, and each holding a
globe cruciger ; between their heads a small
cross.
Rev.-DEVS ADIVTA ROmANIS. Cross on a
globe placed on three steps within a wreath. JR.
(British Museum ; cf. Sab., PI. XXIX. No. 23.)
7. Obv. 6N TtfTO NIK A. Heraclius with diadem
surmounted by a cross standing facing, holding
a long cross and a globe cruciger.
Rev. Index M between two crosses ; above, a cross ; in
the exergue CRTS (for KARTS). M.
(Sab., PI. XXVIII. No. 26.)
8. Obv. CONST. LO P. P. Bust of Constantine V.
Copronymus and his son Leo IV. facing, with
diadems surmounted by crosses, Constantine
holding a globe cruciger ; between them a small
cross; above, a hand descending from heaven.
Rev. IVCTORI (sic) AVSTO (sic). Cross on three
steps between a star and the letter R (? Ka-
venna) ; in the exergue CONOB. N.
(British Museum ; Sab., PL XL. No. 22.)
9. Obv. COh StAhXl hSLON COh
^bA SILIS in five lines within a beaded
circle. (Constantine V. Copronymus and Leo IV.
his son.)
Rev. lhS4S XRISHMS MCA. Cross on three
steps. ^Ei.
(British Museum; cf. Sab., PL XL. No. 25.)
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANT1NE I. 203
The obverse legend, which is very difficult, Prof. Bab-
ington thinks may perhaps be Koojxrrai/rii'os cvorc^^s /cat
AeW euo-c/3^5 6 vc'os, /3acriAeis, The Pious Constantine and
pious Leo the Younger, kings.
On two gold coins of Leo IV. (Sab., PI. XLI. Nos. 2, 3)
representing his grandfather, Leo III. (TraTTTros), his father,
Constantine V. Copronymus (Tra-nfc), himself, and his son
Constantine VI. (6 ve'os), there occurs the word VSSES-
SON, which has not till recently been even partially
explained. Dr. Friedlaender has suggested 45 that VS
stands for vioc, so that we have the relationship of the
grandfather, the father, the son (6 wds), and the young son
clearly defined; but as to S6SSON, he can only sug-
gest that it is connected with the Byzantine word creWos
(Lat. sessus), which is used frequently for throne, and in
this case may allude to the joint reign of Leo IV. and his
son Constantine VI.
10. Obv. +|U)Ahh, hXU)AVGO CRAT,
eVSb bASILeVS RWmAIW in five
lines within a beaded circle ornamented with
eight globules.
Rev. +IKS^S XRISTiMS hlCA*. Cross on two
steps, and having in its centre a circle bearing
the bust of John I. Zimisces, on either side of
which the letters Jj ('Io>ai/i/r;s). M.
(British Museum ; Sab., PI. XLVII. No. 19.)
The obverse legend is 'looawiys ei/ Xpto-T<5 avro/cparw/a cucre/irys
us c Pa>//,aiW, John in Christ, ruler, pious King of the
Romans.
11. Obv. D. N. IVSTINIANMS MHLTMS AV. Bust
of Justinian II. Khinotmetus facing, with orna-
mented diadem, holding a cross on three steps,
and a globe on which is the word PAX, sur-
mounted by a cross.
46 " Zeitschrift fiir Numismatik," Berlin, vol. iv. 18761877.
204 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Rev. dN. I hS- ChS. RX R6GNANTIHM. Bust
of Christ facing on a cross, giving the benediction
with the right hand, and holding the Gospels in
the left. N.
(British Museum ; cf. Sab., PI. XXXVII. No. 2.)
12. 0k.-COhSTAht. C. ROmAh. A4SS- bR.
Busts of Constantino X. and his son Romanus II.
facing with diadem, holding together and between
them a long cross.
Rev. +IHS. XRS. RX ReGNANTIMM. Bust
of Christ facing, with nimbus, on a cross, giving
the benediction and holding the Gospels. N.
(British Museum ; cf. Sab., PL XLVI. No. 18.)
The obverse legend is Kajvoranrivos K
'Pw/Acwan/, Constantinc and Romanus Augusti, kings
of the Romans.
PLATE VII.
1. obv. LASILIOS6T COh Si A hi- A<4S S . b-
Busts of Basil I. and Constantino IX. facing,
with diadem, surmounted by a cross, holding
together and between them a long cross.
Bev. +lhS. XPS. RX R6SNANTIMM. Christ
with nimbus on cross seated facing, giving the
benediction with the right hand raised, holding
in the left the Gospels. Jf.
(British Museum; Sab., PI. XLIV., No. 22.)
The obverse legend is /ScunAios et (for *<u)
/?a<riA.cTs, Basil and Constantine Augusti, kings.
2. Obv. +eOAUJPA AVfOVCTA. The Virgin with
nimbus (on either side of whom are the letters
M 0), and Theodora with diadem, and dress
ornamented with -f- on a medallion, holding
together and between them the labarum.
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANT1NE I. 205
Rev. +IHS. XPS. R6X RSSNANTIAIm (V).
Christ with nimbus on cross, standing facing,
holding in the left hand the Gospels, jr.
(British Museum ; cf. Sab., PI. XLIX. No. 13.)
8. Ob?. COhSUANTJ/eT; XPISTiOF. b- R. Busts
of Constantino X. and Christophorus facing, with
diadem, surmounted by cross, holding together
and between them a long cross.
Her. +xe. bOHeei ROMAHW SCSPO^H.
Romanus I. standing facing, with diadem, sur-
mounted by a cross, holding in right hand a globe
cruciyei- ; to the right Christ with head on cross
standing, placing his right hand on the head of
the Emperor, jr.
(British Museum ; cf. Sab., PI. XLVI. No. 10.)
The obverse legend is probably KWorai/Ttvos et (for KOI)
Xprro<dpos /?a<Aets 'Pw/^aiW, the reverse X/CHO-TC {JoyOu
TVavoi Bfo-TTorr). The formula XPTT bOHO!, instead
of the usual KV/H bOH0l, is of rare occurrence, and
may be corroborated by a Byzantine lead seal, published by
Herr Miller, 46 on the obverse of which is the inscription
XpiCre Bo-TjOfL TW Cw A&AUJ, and on the reverse
+ANA P6AM AAAA TOPI, and which from the
;t that Andreas bears the title of MavSarwp (one who
ives or carries [orders]), an office in vogue under Con-
itine X. Porphyrogenitus (912 959), has been attri-
mted by Herr Miller to the reign of this Emperor.
[. Le Bas has published 47 a marble found in the island of
los with the inscription X6BOH06I (XpwrE ySo^t),
md though it is impossible to fix a date without seeing this
lonument, Herr Miller thinks that it is probably of the
ie age as the seal of Andreas. It may be added that on
206 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the coins of a later date of Andronicus II. Palaoologus and
Andronicus III., the legend 1C XC, 'I>?crovs Xpurrds
KVPI6 BOH 06 1 may be found (Sab., Pl.'LXI. Nos.
14, 15. See Types of Christ (6)).
4. Qbv. +6MMANOVHA. Bust of Christ with
nimbus, on the cross, facing, giving the benedic-
tion and holding the Gospels ; on either side
Tc-xc.
Rev. +lhSHS XRISTHS BASIL6H
B AS I LG in four lines. M.
(British Museum ; cf. Sab., PL XLVIII. No. 5.)
CIR
5. Obv. TA Kv/oie fioyOci. c Pw/Aai/<3 A<TTTOT?;. Lord,
p
help the despot Romanus.
Rev. Bust of Christ facing, bare, with three globules on
either side, holding the Gospels, accompanied by
the legend jI
(Britis'-i Museum; Sab., PL LI. No. 3.)
6. Ota. MIXAHA RACIA [? O. A.]. Bust of
Michael VII. Ducas, facing, with diadem, sur-
mounted by cross, holding labarum and globe
cruciyer.
Rev. Christ with nimbus on cross, seated facing, holding
the Gospels; on either side 1C XC. Con-
cave, N.
(British Museum; Sab. PL LI. No. 4.)
Obverse legend Mix<xi)X /3a<riXevs. The letters O A., if
these letters occur, as given by Sabatier, probably stand
for 6
7. Obv. mANBHA O G6OAUiPOC. Manuel I. Com-
nenus and St. Theodore with nimbus, standing,
holding together and between them a long cross
on a globe ; both placing their hands on the
hilts of their swords.
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. 207
Rev. Christ with nimbus cruciyer standing, facing, on a
cushion, between the letters 1C XC, and two
eight-rayed stars. Concave, N.
(British Museum ; Sab., PI. LV. No. 2.)
8. Obv. Bust of Alexius I. or Manuel I. Comnenus facing,
with diadem, surmounted by cross, holding the
labanim and globe cruciyer.
(British Museum ; Sab., PI. LII. No. 22.)
9. Obv. LOh M XW bASILGMS ROmUJM-
Bust of Leo VI. facing, with diadem, surmounted
by cross, holding globe cruciger.
Rev. +(YlARIA+. Bust of the Virgin facing and
veiled, raising her hands ; on either side
MR-
(Cab. des Med., Paris; Sab., PI. XLV. No. 11.)
Obverse legend AeW kv Xpioru) /3ao-iAeus 'Pw/xaiW, Leo in
*ist, king of the Romans.
10. obv. eKGRe KGDNCTAN TINUUAGC
nOTHTCD MONOMA, in five lines.
Rev. M. RAAK6 b [NIT]ICA (sic). Bust of the Vir-
gin of Blachernre facing, with nimbus, raising her
hands, on either side >P 0V. -#*.
(British Museum ; cf. Sab., PI. XLIX. No. 12.)
The obverse legend is COTOKC /3orj6tt EWoravTiVa>
j/o/u,ax<t>, Mother of God, help Constantine Monomachus
\e despot.
The reverse refers to the Virgin of Blachernse. The
iburb of Blachernae was situate at the extreme limits of
Constantinople beyond the fourteenth region. Theo-
nus II., in 413, surrounded it with a wall which in 447
208 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
was destroyed by earthquake, but rebuilt iii three months
by the prsefect Cyrus. Within this suburb, which was
not taken into the city till the time of Heraclius, 48 the
Empress Pulcheria is said to have erected a temple to the
Virgin called ^Edes Blackemiance, which Justin I. re-
stored, and the tops of the columns of which Romanus
Argyrus (who reigned about ten years before Constan-
tine XII. Monomachus), adorned with gold. On account
of the many miracles said to have been performed here
especially that relating to the veil which covered, or
rather hung in front of, the image of the Virgin in the
temple, and which was every now and then taken up to
heaven by no human aid, thus exposing the face to view
for a few days, and then returning to its place the
temple and image were held in high esteem. It was
burnt down during the reign of Romanus Diogenes, but
eventually Andronicus II. Palseologus restored it, and
further adorned it ; 49 and on some of his coins may be
To ie ITOS 7-175 /?a<rtA.eias 'HpaKAei'ov tKrurOrj TO ret
/cat a.TTK\iOrf raj0ei> 6 vaos TYJS Travaytas &GOTOKOV,
Kat ^ ayta <ropo<s, rrpwyv yap e^<t)0fv. TOUT&J TOJ tret (17) KTi(r@Tr)
TO rectos 7Tpi rot) OIKOV TTJS Aeo-TrotV^s ^/xere/o^s TOV COTOKOU
!a>0ev TOV KaXov^ivov IlTepov. " Chron. Alex.," ad ann. Heracl.
XV. and XVII. ; Ducange, " Const. Christ.," lib. i. c. xi.
49 " Situm Deiparae Blachernarum aedis designat Petrus
Gyllius (lib. i. cap. xxi., et lib. iv. cap. v.), 'Prope Xyloportum
et angulum urbis occidentalem inter radices sexti Collis et
Sinum, ubi stetit Deiparse sedes Blacherniana.' ^Edem vero
Deiparae Blachernianam a Pulcheria Augusta primum aadificatain
scribunt passim praeter Zonaram, Scriptores Byzantini, Theo-
dorus, &c. Hanc aedein postmodum de novo instauravit
Justinus Senior ut auctor est Procopius ('De asdif.,' lib. i.
cap. iii. and vi.) at cum forma oblonga esset, ut ait idem
ecriptor. Columnarum capita auro exornasse Romanuin Argy-
rum addit idem Cedrenus (pag. 429) ut et Glycas. Denique
solo terms incensum fuisse sub Romano Diogene (' Indict.,'
viii. refert Scylitzes, pag. 833), restauratum postmodum novis
ornamentis et nova aedificiorum accessione auxit inire Andro-
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. 209
found the letters B A on either side of the bust of the
Virgin within the walls of Constantinople (Sab., PI. LX.
No. 4 ; Types of Virgin (d)}.
11. Obv. 0C. bO. TDOIS bASILS. Bust of the
Virgin with nimbus facing, holding on her chest
a medallion of Christ on the cross ; on either
side fif 0V.
BW. +meR0M DeooEASm oeis. se et
niZOOhOM CAROli Ki in five lines.
M.
(Cab. des He'd., Paris; cf. Sab., PL XLVII. No. 18.)
I have to thank M. Henry Cohen, of Paris, for an im-
pression of this rare coin. The obverse legend is eord/ce
fiorjOet TOIS paaiXeuo-i, i.e. Mother of God, help the Kings,
and probably refers to John Zitnisces in association with
the two sons of Romanus II. Basil II. and Constan-
tine XI. The reverse legend is more difficult and has
been variously interpreted. M. de Saulcy, who published
this coin, 50 explained it as " M^rcp eov SeSoaoy>iev>7 6 ets o-c
eA.7ua>i/ OVK aTTOTvyxdvci, OU bien encore OVK a7TOT//,os ^aipeorai ;
Mere de Dieu, pleine de gloire, celui qui met en toi son
esperance n'echoue jamais dans ses projets, ou bien n'est
nicus Senior, &c Prsedictis addo, Blachernianam asdem
ob ejusmodi sacras reliquias, atque adeo ob crebra miracula,
quibus ilia potissimum coruscabat, tantae fuisse venerationis,
etiam apud exteros ut illius appellatione Deiparaa sacras alias
aades sibi aadificarint." Ducange, "Const. Christ.," lib. i.
c. xi. Ducange also quotes an unknown author, who speaks of
the " crebras sanitates quoa Deiparae interventu eo in templo ab
aegris obtinebantur." In the " Archaeologia " (vol. xiv. pp.
231 243) is an account of the walls of Constantinople, by the
Rev. James Dallaway. The towers in the region of Blachernaa
still survive, and " exhibit the Gothic architecture of the
Middle Ages in England " (p. 237).
50 " Essai de Class, des Suites Monetaires Byzantines," p.
244; Blanche XXII. No. 1.
VOL. XVI II. N.S. F F
210 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
jamais malheureux, mais est comble de biens" the latter
reading being adopted by M. Sabatier. 51 Both authors
transcribe the last line of the legend as CAFIOT'X', and
both engrave a X as the final letter. Mr. Grueber, who
had the cast made for me from the impression, seemed to
think there was little doubt of the last letter being any-
thing but a X, and in this case the only reading that
suggested itself was dTrorev'^ertu Xpio-Tov. Not, however,
feeling quite satisfied about it, I sent the cast to Prof.
Babington, who, rejecting De Saulcy's reading as unten-
able, thinks that the last letter is a K and not a X, and
that it should be interpreted Kupiov, this being somewhat
more in accordance with Biblical usage than Xprroi>
would be. If this view be correct, the last line of the
inscription is CAnO"D'K, and the whole legend may be
read M^rep 0eo SeSo^aa/xen? 6 ets (re eA.7riwi/ OVK a7roTeveTcu
Kvpi'ov, glorified Mother of God, he that trusteth in thee
shall not fail of the Lord.
12. Obv. +0K6 ROHOei
TUJ KOM NHNW in six lines.
Rev. Bust of the Virgin with nimbus facing, raising
both hands ; on her chest a medallion of the
infant Jesus ; on either side M 3 0V. M.
(British Museum; cf. Sab., PL LII. Nos. 10, 11.)
The obverse legend is OTOK fioriOii 'AXc^io) Aeo-Tro-n; r<3
opvyvw, Mother of God, help the despot Alexius Comnenus.
PLATE VIII.
1. Obv. 5(M. [A] -- OIlAAeO (in the field). Christ
with nimbus on cross seated facing ; at his feet
Michael VIII. Palaeologus kneeling, supported by
the Archangel Michael ; on either side of the
head of Christ 1C* XCf.
81 " Mon. Byz.," vol. ii. p. 141.
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. 211
Rev. Bust of the Virgin with nimbus facing, with hands
raised, and encircled by the walls of Constanti-
nople adorned with towers ; on either side of the
head of the Virgin fyf 0V. Concave, N.
(British Museum; cf. Sab., PI. LIX. No. 3.)
The obverse legend is Mi^a^X SccrTroTrjs 6 noAcuoAoyos. 52
This type commemorates the restoration of the Greek
Emperors at Constantinople, after it had been under the
sway of the Latins for nearly fifty-eight years. Pachymer,
ofNicaea, who flourished during the reign of Michel VIII.,
records 53 "that Michael, after the taking of Constan-
tinople, changed the type of the old coins, engraving in
its stead a representation of the city." The obverse type
represents the Emperor, presented or supported by the
Archangel Michael, kneeling to Christ seated [see Types
of Christ (6)], or the Emperor in prostration before
Christ standing, or the two Emperors blessed by Christ.
[See Types of Christ (7)]. On the coins of Andronicus II.
the legend is ANAPNIKOC (sic) AeCFlOTIC HC., ac-
cording to Sabatier (PL LX. No. 4, cf. No. 3), but Eckhel
(op. cit.) gives a coin from Liebe, Ducange, and Banduri,
with the legend ANAPNICOC (sic) N Xw. A-
CriOT- HO A. POM. (8e<r7ron7S iroAews 'Pw/xatW), how far
correctly I am unable to say.
2. Obv. Same as No. 1 [not engraved].
Rev. The Virgin with nimbus seated facing ; on either
side of her head JJp 0\?. Concave, JT.
(British Museum ; cf. Sab., PI. LIX. No. 5.)
62 XM is frequent on the coins of this Emperor; XMHA
also occurs (Sab., PL LIX. No. 12). It is clear that M is for
MIXAHA, but whether the X is meant to be part of the same
word is not so certain : probably it may be so intended.
53 "In Andr. Pal.;" Eckhel, " Doct. Num. Vet.," vol. viii.
K268 ; De Saulcy, " Essai de Class, des Mon. Byz.," p. 428 ;
batier, " Mon. Byz.," vol. ii. p. 241.
212 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
8. Obv. +AA6ZIW AeCnOTH. Bust facing of
Alexius I. Comnenus holding sceptre and globe
criunger [not engraved].
Jfet;._+OIC6. ROHOGI. Virgin with nimbus stand-
ing facing, holding her hands raised and carrying
on her chest a medallion of Christ ; on either
side the letters f^ OV. <&.
(Sab., PL LIL No. 8.)
The legends of obverse and reverse form one,
'AAcib> Aeo-TroTfl, Mother of God, help the despot
Alexis.
4. Ofcv. OC HAHIK6 HANTA KATOPGOI.
Eomanus IV. Diogenes standing on a cushion
facing, holding a long cross and a globe cruciger.
Eev. +nAPON COI HOAVAING. The Virgin
with nimbus standing on a cushion, holding the
infant Jesus with nimbus on cross on her left
arm; on either side M 0. -3J.
(British Museum; Sab., PI. L. No. 15.)
The legends of obverse and reverse are again one
HapOevc voi TroXvaivc os ^XTTIKC iravro. KaropBol, gloTWUS
Virgin, he that trusteth in thee prospers in all things. It
will be observed that the legend forms an hexameter
verse. Mr. King notices 54 that the only other example
of a current coin, as distinguished from medal, graced
with poetry is the zecchin (or ducat) of Venice, which
reads in a very abbreviated and puzzling form round the
figure of the Saviour, Sit tibi Christe datus quern tu regis
iste Ducatus.
64 " Early Christ. Num.," p. 78.
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANT1NE I. 213
5. Obv. 6VC6BH MONOMAK ON. Constantino XII.
Monomachus standing facing, wearing the palu-
damentum, and holding a long cross and a sword
in its scabbard.
Rev. +A6CriOINA CWZOIC. The Virgin with
nimbus standing on a cushion facing, raising
both hands ; on either side MP (5V. &.
(British Museum ; Sab., PL XLIX. No. 11.)
The legends of obverse and reverse here again form one
Aeo-TToiva <rwois evo-e/ft} Moi/o/x,a^ov, Lady, mayest thou pre-
serve the pious Monomachus. The K for X in Monomachus
is clear on this coin ; but the two letters are not always
easy to distinguish. The word AeWoira, as the femi-
nine title of AecrTroTTys, occurs on the rare gold coins of
Michael III., Theodora, and Thecla (852856 ; Sab,,
PI. XLIY. No. 8)+ O6OSORA SCSPVhA, or
SGSPOVhA, Queen Theodora.
6. obv. +eeoTpc bone' iw sesp. Bust of
John I. Zimisces facing, holding in the left hand a
long cross, and crowned by the Virgin with nimbus
(half-length), above whom the letters M0; a
hand descends from heaven over the Emperor.
^.-+lhS. XPS. RX RSNANTlHro. Bust
of Christ with nimbus on cross facing, holding
in one hand his robe, and in the other the
Gospels. N.
(British Museum; Sab., PI. XLVII. No. 17.)
Obverse legend COTOKC por/Oct 'Io)dvvy Sctm-or^, Mother of
I, help the despot John.
7. Obv. +06OTOC' bH0. NICHF. SSP.
Half-length figure of Virgin with nimbus, on either
side of whom M 0, and of Nicephorus II.
Focas, holding between them a long cross.
Eev. Same as No. 6 [not engraved]. N.
(British Museum; Sab., PI. XLVII. No. 12.)
214 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Obverse legend COTOKC /Jo^0a Nt/cr/^opw SCO-TTOT^, Mother
of God, help the despot Nicephorus.
8. Obv.W. AeCHOTH mW31 (retrograde). St.
George with nimbus and John II. Comnenus
standing holding between them a long cross.
Rev. Christ with nimbus on the cross seated facing, the
right hand raised, and holding in the left the
Gospels; on either side of his head 1C XC.
Concave, JV.
(British Museum ; cf. Sab., PI. LITE. Nos. 1517.)
Obverse legend 'loxm^s Sco-Trorr/s, John the despot,
[6 a] Twpytos, \_St.~] George.
9. Obv. A AS. K- Alexius II. Comnenus holding a
sceptre on horseback to the right; above the
horse's head a star; beneath, N.
Rev. V. N. Saint Eugenius with nimbus, holding
a cross on horseback to the right; above, a
star. M.
(British Museum; cf. Sab., PI. LXVIII. No. 8.)
Obverse legend 'AXe&'os Ko/myvos; reverse, 6 a-yios 'Evye-
vios, St. Eugenius.
10. Obv. Figure of an Emperor (John II. Comnenus, or
John V. Palaeologus), with nimbus, standing
facing, holding in right hand a sceptre (or long
cross), and in the left the labarum (surmounted
by a cross), on which X.
Rev. YAO'6. The Virgin with nimbus seated, raising
her right hand, and holding the infant Jesus ;
in front the three Magi kneeling and making
offerings. .53.
(British Museum.)
11. Obv. EMMANVHL (sic). Bust of Christ with nimbus
cruciger facing.
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE I. 215
Rev. The Virgin seated, holding the infant Jesus with
nimbus, above his head a star ; in front the
three Magi bringing offerings ; in the exergue
two birds (? doves) facing each other. M.
(Coll. of Rev. S. S. Lewis.)
12, Obv.-AV. KAICAP KOIVTOAOC.
modus to the right, laureate.
Head of Corn-
Rev. BACIA6VC ABTAPOC. Bust of Abgarus
to the right with paludamentum, wearing on his
head a cap ornamented with a diadem, on which
+ or X. M.
(British Museum.)
13. Obv. IMP. C. MAXENTIVS P. F. AVG. Head
of Maxentius to the right, laureate.
Rev. CONSERV. VRB. SVAE. Hexastyle temple,
within which a statue of Borne helmeted, seated
facing, looking to left, holding globe and sceptre ;
on the tympanum of the temple X ; in the
exergue AQ. l~. (Aquileia 8). J3.
(British Museum.)
14. Obv. Same as No. 13 [not engraved].
Rev. Same legend and same type, but on the tympanum
of the temple t^r. M.
(Coll. of the Padre Garrucci.)
F. W. M.
X.
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE : FROM THE
FALL OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE TO THE
ACCESSION OF CHARLEMAGNE.
III. COINAGES OF THE MEROVINGIANS, VISIGOTHS, AND
LOMBARDS.
WE now recross the Alps and return to Gaul, returning,
too, for an instant to the beginning of the sixth century
after Christ. Three Teutonic sovereigns were in this
country the contemporaries of Theodoric the Ostrogoth.
They reigned with undefined sway, and in territories
whose boundaries were constantly changing ; yet we may
for the present dispose them thus. North of the Loire
are the Franks under Chlodvig; south of the Loire and
west of the Rhone lies the kingdom of the Visigoths, who
possess also nearly the whole of Spain, and whose king at
this time is Alaric II. The Burgundians, under Gondo-
bald, lie beyond the Rhone, as far east as extends the
French-speaking portion of Switzerland. " The Bur-
gundians, also (like the Visigoths) attached to the Arian
heresy, lived upon the other side of the Rhone which
flows by Lyons." (Greg, of Tours.)
The degree of authority which the barbarian conquerors
possessed within their own territories, the rate at which
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 2V
the older institutions of Roman life were absorbed into
the growing life of the Middle Ages, are questions very
difficult to determine. There can be no doubt that in
many towns nominally included within one or other of
the three kingdoms, little change of government was the
immediate result of the German invasion, and that the
interference of the conquerors in their constitution was
confined to the imposition of taxes and to the introduction
of their own legislation for the members of their own
nationality. The greater towns of the south and of
Aquitania, Lyons, Marseilles, Narbonne, Vienne, Aries,
Toulouse, Bordeaux, retained, whether they were in Bur-
gundy, Gothia, or France, the forms of their ancient
municipal institutions. They never quite amalgamated
with the institutions of feudalism, and remained all
through the Middle Ages the nursery ground of what
may be called Liberal politics the contest of the cities
against the seigneurs. Beside these un-German elements
there lay between the three kingdoms just described a
neutral territory a mark, as our ancestors would have
called it. 1 This district was Auvergne, the country of
the Romans, as it is often described by writers of the time.
It was conquered by Theodoric the Ostrasian in 539.
Owing to their greater exposure to the influence of
Roman manners, the two southern kingdoms enjoyed a
larger share of civilisation and refinement than fell to
e lot of the Franks in the north. They became ere long
mpletely Latinised. The fact that the limits of the
cient Burgundian kingdom are defined on the side of
itzerland bv the French-speaking cantons, while the
Just so our Mercia was for a long time the mark bet \veea
ie Angles, the Saxons, and the Welsh.
VOL. XVIll. N.S.
218 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
German cantons are the remains of the Alemanian land,
shows how far the Burgundians had adopted the Latin
language and separated themselves from their German
neighbours. In the time of Gregory of Tours, " Goth "
is used almost synonymously with " Roman ; " and that
this approach to Roman manners was not unaccompanied
by a loss of German spirit, the rapid success of the Frank-
ish arms may likewise witness. " Fear is habitual to the
Goths," says Gregory, 2 and a term of extreme contempt,
applied at this day only to a degraded people in certain
districts of the south, is, according to r reasonable conjec-
ture, derived from the words canis Gothicus? Thus the
latest comers, the Franks of the north, like the lean kine,
swallowed up the kingdoms of the Burgundians and Visi-
goths. "It displeases me," said Chlodvig, " that these
Arians possess the fairest portion of Gaul. Let us march,
with the aid of God, and when we have conquered them,
subdue their country to ourselves." This was in 507.
The success of the Franks tended towards a further sepa-
ration of the west from Roman influence. A relationship
generally of a friendly character had been kept up between
the two branches of the Gothic family, the Ostrogoths of
Italy and the Yisigoths of Spain. These and the Bur-
gundians were all of the Arian creed. But when the
Catholic and barbarian Franks had reached the south,
they became a wall of demarcation separating the Visi-
goths from relationship with Italy, and hedging them
more and more within the limits of their western penin-
sula.
2 Greg. Tur., ii. 27.
3 Cagot, according to Marca, Beam. He thinks that the term
may have been applied to the Saracens as expellers of the
Goths. This, however, is highly improbable.
ine
boo
.
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 219
As the Visigoths lost ground in Gaul, they gained it in
Spain, where they long carried on a successful war against
the Suevi, who alone opposed their mastery of the whole
peninsula. Thus, when by the battle of Poitiers (507)
the Yisigoths lost all their possessions in Gaul, save a
small district immediately to the north of the Pyrenees,
they had ousted the Suevi from all their former posses-
sions, save the territory of the modern Gallicia joined
to the northern half of Portugal. Soon they entered into
better relationship with the Franks. Chlotild, the
daughter of Clovis, was given in marriage to Amalric,
the Visigothic king. Albeit after this the two nations
are frequently at war, the Frankish kingdom makes no
further considerable accession towards its south-western
frontier.
But to the east the era of Frankish conquest was of
longer duration. The Burgundian kingdom outlived
Clovis, and was put an end to by his sons Theodoric and
Clotaire in 532. The son of Theodoric, Theodebert, the
second king of Ostrasia and the greatest of Clovis'
successors, carried his arms into Italy (539) ; and though
the expedition was undertaken chiefly for the sake of
ty, yet he seems to have for a time occupied some of
the cities of the north.
Out of the four sons of Clovis Theodoric, Clotaire,
lodomir, and Childebert the Merovingian line was con-
tinued only in the descendants of Clotaire, the two youngest
>f his brothers and Theodebald, the grandson of Theodoric,
ying without children. Clotaire too had four sons. The
urgundian kingdom now become Frankish was re-
nstituted under one of them : the kingdoms of Paris, of
issons, and of Metz remained, while Orleans was merged
the kingdom of Paris. Charibert had Paris, Chilperic
220 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Soissons : Gontran and Sigebert had the two eastern
kingdoms of Burgundy and Metz. This is the age which
has gained a pre-eminence in dramatic crime among all
the miserable annals of the Merovingian race. 4 " It
would be difficult," says Hallam, endorsing the words of
Gibbon, "to find anywhere more vice and less virtue than
in the records of Merovingian history/' For the purposes
of the present inquiry, it is important to mark that from
the death of Theodebert the era of Merovingian conquest
comes to an end. It had already ceased in the direction
of Spain ; the door to Italy was closed when the short
recovery of Italy to the sceptre of Justinian was ended by
the conquests of the Lombards. The battle of Mons
Lactarius, which destroyed the Oatrogothie kingdom, took
place in 553. For a brief period Italy reverted to the
Eastern Empire. But in 567 Narses, who had fallen into
disgrace with the court of Byzantium, invited the aid of
the Lombards, and the lalter, under Alboin (Elfwine 5 ),
with their twenty thousand Saxon allies, set out from
Pannonia. 6 They achieved the conquest of Italy in 572.
Twenty years previously, a general of Theodebert had
4 There is something of a grim comedy mingling with the
tragic histories which lie scattered up and down the pages of
Gregory ; as of beings with the intellects of children inflamed
with the passions of men. Witness that story of how Theo-
doric attempted the death of his brother Clotaire, by inviting
him to a conference in a room wherein he had meant to conceal
some assassins behind a curtain. But the curtain was too short,
so that their legs were visible, and Clotaire got wind of the
affair, and came accompanied by a great number of his own
people. (G. Tur., iii. 7.)
6 For the names of the earlier Lombard kings are, as Dr.
Latham shows, almost pure Saxon names. Childebert II. was
the last Merovingian who descended from the Alps. (Gibbon,
v. 847.)
6 Paulus Diaconus, ii. 5, 27.
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 221
been able to overrun the greater part of Italy. 7 From
this time we hear little more of Frankish invasions of
that country.
The Franks were now given up to the most bitter intes-
tine struggles; but in spite of these, much was done
towards the consolidation of the various kingdoms and
towards the revival of internal administration. The down-
trodden natives variously styled Romans and Goths in the
literature of the time, but no longer Gauls raised their
heads, and began to take a more and more prominent
place in the administration. The part which they played
may be compared with that of the lawyer- ministers under
our Tudor sovereigns, or of the meanly-born civilians who
absorbed the administrative power in France under the
later Bourbons, 8 a part hateful to the military and terri-
torial nobility, favourable to the kingly power. In
reviving the traditions of Roman rule, ike^e men revived
as much as possible of the Roman fiscality, a burden which
in earlier days had pressed so heavily upon the people,
that perhaps all the terrors of Burgundian, Visigothic,
and Fraukish invasion scarcely outweighed the advantages
of its abolition. 9 A minister of this sort, as early as the
reign of Theodebert, was Parthenius, upon whose crimes
and the hatred which he incurred among the Franks,
Gregory descants (iii. 36) ; and from this account we
gather that the most odious of his actions was the attempt
to revive a system of taxation. Chilperic prepared a
7 Paul. Diac., ii. 2.
8 "I never could have believed what I saw when I was
comptroller," said Law, the Scottish financier, to d'Argenson.
t''Do you know that this kingdom of France is governed by
thirty intendants ? "
9 The burden of taxation amounted at one time to the
ncredible proportion of one-third of the produce of the land.
222 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
survey or census of the land and property in his do-
minions, and levied a tax of one amphora of wine for
every half-acre of land. 10
From this time begins a new departure in the Mero-
vingian coinage. Owing to a circumstance which may be
almost called accidental, and which will presently be
detailed at greater length, a type is introduced which
becomes the characteristic type of the Merovingian money
until the end of the series. From this time dates not
only a representative and tolerably continuous royal issue,
but a large series of municipal coins bearing no name of a
king, only that of the town at which, or the province in
which, the piece was struck, with the name of the
moneyer who struck it. Shortly after begins the first
true series of Visigothic coins ; and this is followed upon
the other side of France by the coinage of the Lombards.
Thus the separation of the different European countries
is complete. The sixth century introduces us to an
anonymous gold coinage, practically the same for all
Western Europe ; for it is imitated slavishly from the
current imperial types. Two countries, Italy and Africa,
separate themselves from the "European concert" by the
issue of distinct series in silver and copper. These run
their course without producing much influence on neigh-
bouring countries. But before the end of the same cen-
tury, we see the establishment of three distinct gold
currencies, characterizing the three chief western nations,
the Franks, the Visigoths, and the Lombards. These
only disappear after the rise of the silver currency under
the Karlings ; that is, they continue to the end 01
10 Amphoram vim per aripennem, id est semi-jugerem conti-
nentem 120 pedes (Greg. Tur., v. 29). Clotaire had made an
attempt to levy taxes upon church property (Greg. Tur., iv. 2).
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 223
the period which we have chosen for our numismatic
study.
We now proceed to examine more in detail the numis-
matic changes to which the above historical sketch has
been an introduction.
Before the Ostrogoths turned aside to the issue of a
silver currency, they introduced some slight modifications
of the existing imitative gold coinage. Theodoric placed
his monogram upon coins bearing the name and effigy
of Anastasius. Some changes, too, were made in the
stereotyped legends, with the object, so we guessed, of
showing to the initiated the place in which, or the king
by whom, the coin was struck. Among these obscure
mint-marks we signalized tentatively the indications of
Rome, Bologna, Ravenna, Naples, Pavia, Verona. Both
these methods of change find their counterparts in Gaul.
Gondobald, the King of Burgundy, whose kingdom must
have had considerable intercourse with Italy, though the
relations of the two sovereigns could hardly have been
very friendly, 11 imitated Theodoric in placing his mono-
gram upon the solidi which he minted ; and in this he
was followed by his successors to the end of that short-
lived dynasty. The coins of Gondobald, Sigismimd, and
Gondemar were given upon the first plate. We may
notice that Gondobald alone among the Gaulish kings of
the time attempted the issue of silver coins, the idea of
which he no doubt also derived from Italy. This currency
I was not continued by his successors.
That the other method of distinction the alteration of
the ordinary legend of the imperial coins was also
attempted in Gaul, seems highly probable. In the laws
11 Gondobald was the nephew and heir of Ricimer, and con-
sidered himself to have some claim to the throne of Italy.
224 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
of Gondobald we find mention made of certain coins
which, being of base gold, were not to be received in his
dominions. The solid! thus excepted from currency are
those of Valence, of Geneva, the coins of the Goths (Visi-
goths), " which from the time of Alaric (II.) have been
debased," and a series which it is difficult to identify, the
Ardaricanos. 12 The Visigoths are here mentioned as
already possessing a distinctive (though doubtless anony-
mous) series. No coin has been discovered that can be
assigned to Alaric II., but the piece given in the plate
may reasonably be attributed to his successor Amalaric
(511 531), likewise a contemporary of Gondobald. This
coin is a tremissis, bearing on the obverse the head of
Justin L, and on the reverse showing the Victory in
profile, the characteristic type, as has already been said, of
the Gaulish coins. In front of the Victory is the mono-
gram of Amalaric. (PL III., No. 1.)
It is of still greater interest to find that the cities had
even now their independent issues of coins. The use of
these civic mints is explained upon the hypothesis made
in the first part of this series of papers, that the money to
be paid in taxes or rent was brought in specie to the local
moneyer, who minted it up to the required amount. The
various towns were assessed for a certain tax, which the
municipality combined to extract from the citizens and
12 Leg. Burg, addit. secund., art. vi. Lindenbrog. Codex.,
leg. ant. ed., 1618, p. 807. I cannot accept M. Ch. Lenor-
mant's reading of Arvaricanos (Armorican) as it is to the last
degree improbable that the ArmorL-ans at this date issued coins.
The coin on which he reads the monogram of Armorica is, with
mb&t reasonable conjecture, a piece of Amalaric, the Visigoth.
The reading Velentiniani is uncertain, but I am more disposed
to believe the coins spoken of to have been those of the toini of
Valence than imitations of the money of Valentian III. (" K.
Num.," 1851.) '
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 225
then issued with their own distinctive stamp. Thus began
the civic coins which mark the whole era of Merovingian
supremacy. A considerable number of coins bearing the
head of Anastasius I., and struck in Gaul, show letters in
the field from which we may identify their mints. They
correspond exactly to the coins of the same period issued
in Italy, only that instead of the name being found in the
legend it appears in the field. These letters are
S for Soissons.
P for Paris.
A B for Bourges (Avaricum Bituricum).
D for Duisburg (Dispargum).
M for Metz.
B V )
COL V I ^ 01 ^^8 ne (Colonia Ubiorum).
P for Poitiers.
T L for Toul (Tullum Leucorum).
L V (in monogram) for Lyons.
N for Narbonne. 13
These attributions are fairly certain. Less safe are the
mint marks which the ingenuity of M. Ch. Lenormant dis-
covers, upon the same principle which formed the method of
indicating the issue among the Italian moneyers, by making
alterations in the legend itself. Among these M. Lenor-
mant identifies a considerable series in which the legend
ANASTASIVS PF AVGGG is altered to the form
ANASTASIVS PF AVCCC, the initial and final C's
being brought close to the body of the armed figure of the
obverse type. These coins he attributes to Clovis him-
self. It is not necessary to follow M. Lenormant into his
other attributions, which are less probable than was the
13 Iseure, Orleans, Amiens, Tours, Toulouse, have been like-
wise discovered by M. Lenormant in the legends. They are not
indicated with as much clearness as even the mints in Italy are
indicated.
VOL. XVIII. N.S. H H
226 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
case with the Italian series, while some are undoubtedly
wrong.
The first Merovingian king whose coins can be clearly
identified is Theodebert the Ostrasian. We have seen
that he made an expedition into Italy, and left one of
his generals in command there. From the Italian cam-
paign he returned with a great booty, 14 and it is very
likely that at this time he began striking the coins which
bear his own name a thing hitherto unknown among
the barbarian kings instead of the name of the Roman
emperor. (See PI. III., Nos. 25.)
We have already quoted the passage in which Proco-
pius complains of the insult thus put upon the majesty of
the emperor. The Merovingian seems to show a greater
independence than the Vandal or Ostrogoth, in that his
name appears upon the gold solidi and trientes, whereas
they only issued distinct series of silver and copper coins.
But the act of Theodebert must be considered exceptional ;
he established no regular system of coinage, and his
example was for a long time scarcely followed by his suc-
sessors of the same race. The types of Theodebert's coins
are the same as those of his contemporary Justinian, with
the exception of some rare solidi struck at Cologne, which
imitate probably the coins of Valentinian III. 15 (PI. III.
No. 4.) The two obverse types of the solidi are a
helmeted bust, facing, holding an orb, and a similar bust
turned slightly to the right, holding a spear over right
shoulder ; and the usual reverse type is the Victory, as
seen on the coins of Anastasius or Justinian. The excep-
14 Procopius, "De Bell. Goth.," ii. 25, and Greg. Tur.,
iii. 82.
15 The type, however, is frequent between the time of Valen-
tinian III. and Justinian.
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 227
tional coin represents the king trampling upon a pros-
trate foe. The trientes or tremisses show a diademed bust
in profile on the obverse, and the Victory upon the
reverse.
The place of mintage is shown by letters in the field.
One of these places is the Italian town Bologna, shown by
the letters BO. Of the French towns we have
AN or ANTOC in monogram for Andernach.
CV or COL V for Cologne (Colonia Ubiorum).
CLAV in monogram for Laon (Laudunum Clavatum).
LV in monogram for Lyons.
M for Metz.
RE in monogram for Rheirns.
T for Toul.
RI for Reinagen, or Riom, in Auvergne.
Of the same type as Theodebert's tremisses, though of
much inferior execution, we have a coin bearing the
names of Hildebertus and Chramnus, and probably struck
by Theodebert's uncle, Childebert I., and his cousin
Chramnus, the son of Chlodomir, who revolted against his
father and allied himself with his uncle Childebert. 16
This was in 555, that is, after the death both of Theode-
bert and of his son Theodebald. Childebert died in 558,
so that the date of this coin is fixed within three years.
Next we have one or two coins of Sigebert I. and of
Gontran of the same type. But the regular series of
Merovingian money can scarcely yet be said to have
un.
For its real beginning we must pass on to the year 585.
the four sons who divided the heritage of Clotaire,
aribert had died without issue and his kingdom had
16 Greg. Tur., iv. 16.
228 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
been portioned among his brothers ; Sigebert had been
slain in 574 by one of the assassins of Fredegonde, leaving
a son, who at this date had not yet attained to manhood ;
and Chilperic, the husband of Fredegonde, had died the
same death, leaving only an infant to rule in Neustria. 17
It seemed likely that the remaining brother, Gontran
St. Gontran would extend his rule over the whole
Frankish territory. This thought was far from pleasing
to some of the great towns and the great nobles of the
south many of the latter were of Roman descent which
had become more and more alienated from the barbarians
of the north and west. A pretender was accordingly
found to dispute the throne of Gontran, one Gundovald,
called Ballomer, who claimed to be a son of Clotaire.
The illegitimacy of his birth would have been no bar to
succession, but he had never been acknowledged by his
putative father. Nevertheless, Gundovald was invited
over to Gaul he was then living in Constantinople by
some of the nobles of Gontran's kingdom, by the Dukes
Gontran-Boson, Mummolus, and Waddo, and by the
Bishops Sagittarius and Theodosius. He was supplied
with considerable sums of money by the Emperor Mauri-
tius Tiberius, and, setting sail in 583, he arrived at
Marseilles. It was not, however, till 585 that his enter-
prise began to show hopes of success. Then some of the
principal cities of Poitou opened their gates to him, and
Gontran, who was then on cold or hostile terms with his
nephews, both of Ostrasia and Neustria, could at first
make no head against the pretender. Gontran, however,
came to terms with Childebert, who withdrew all help
17 Childebert II., son of Sigebert L, was born in 570 ;
Clotaire II., son of Chilperic, was born in 584.
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE.
from Gundovald ; and the latter, whose case now became
hopeless, was deserted by his allies with as much alacrity
as they had shown in espousing his cause. He retreated
towards the Pyrenees, and was at last besieged in the
city of Comminges, 18 taken, and put to death.
This insignificant rebellion was momentous in its effects
upon the coinage of Gaul. Among the coins with which
Mauritius had supplied the pretender were a number
bearing the name of the Eastern Emperor, but having
mint marks as if struck at Marseilles. Others of the
same type and an inferior fabric seem to have been
actually coined in Marseilles during its occupation by
Gundovald.
Mauritius was actuated probably by other motives than
the motives of generosity and friendship in helping the
half- Greek Gundovald to a crown. The latter was always
accused of acknowledging the supremacy of the Eastern
Emperor and of intending to hold the provinces which he
conquered in a subjection more or less real to the latter.
This want of patriotism would not be judged severely by
the citizens of the south, who had few sympathies attach-
ing them to the Frankish rule. The greater number of
Gundovald' s supporters were probably what would then
have been called Romans.
Thus in the first issue of his coins Gundovald declared
his alliance with the Greek Emperor by adopting, not the
conventional Merovingian type of the Victory (as on No.
5 in this plate and Nos. 12, 13 in PI. I.), but a new type
which had a few years before replaced this Victory upon
18 Or rather in a city which was at this siege utterly de-
stroyed, and on the site of which Comminges was afterwards
built. The account of the incursion of Gundovald is to be
found in Gregory, 1. viii. and Fredegarius, ii.
230 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the coins struck at Constantinople. The type of the
cross potent in three limbs raised upon three or four
steps, or at other times resting upon a ball, had been first
introduced by Tiberius, the predecessor of Maurice. As
regards the obverse, the rule for the Byzantine gold coins
of this period is that the solidi should represent the
Emperor's bust facing, wearing either a richly jewelled
crown or else a helmet. On the coins of Maurice we
have only the latter. The tremissis presents the bare
head in profile.
The description then of the coins struck by the Emperor
for the use of Gundovald, and of that second series (differ-
ing only in fabric), struck probably by Gundovald him-
self at Marseilles, is
SOLIDUS.
Obv. DN JttAVRIC TIbPPAVC. Draped bust in helmet,
facing towards left, holding spear over right
shoulder.
Her. VICTORIA AVCCV. Cross on globe ; on either
side ^? A ^ ; in exergue, CONOB.
N. -85 circ. Wt. 3'9 grammes circ. " Revue
Num.," 1854, PI. XIII. No. 1.
(PI. III. 6.)
This is the general type of the solidus. The piece thus
described was probably minted in Constantinople. When
imitated in the West, the legend undergoes some modifica-
tions: the letters TIB are generally omitted, and the
reverse legend is divided from the type by a wreath ; and
the type itself shows an inferiority of execution which
forbids us to confound the pieces actually struck by Gun-
dovald with those wherewith he was furnished by
Maurice.
"
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 231
The usual module of the pieces struck in Gaul is not,
however, the solidus, but the tremissis of the type as
follows :
Obv. DN SttAVRIC IVSPPA. Draped and diademed
bust to right.
Rev. VICTORIA AVSTOR. Cross on globe, on either
side y ^ ; in exergue, CONOB.
N. '5 circ. Wt. 1'3 grammes circ. " Revue
Num.," 1854, PI. XIII.
(Cf. PI. III. 7.)
In some coins of this type the cross is separated by one
or more steps from the globe. It will be observed, com-
paring these pieces with those of Theodebert or Childe-
bert and Chramnus, that a further distinction is made
between these solidi and tremisses and the earlier Mero-
vingian coins by the difference in weight. The older
solidi weighed at the rate of 72 to the pound ; that
is, 84 grains of Paris (69 grains English), or about
4'47 grammes. The later solidi weighed at the rate of
84 to the pound, therefore 72 grains Paris (57 grains
English), or about 3' 9 grammes. The alteration in the
weight of the solidus and tremissis is another feature in
the marked change which the Merovingian money at this
ime underwent.
We have other trientes of the Marseilles type which
bear the letters All in place of MA, and were doubtless
struck at Aries.
And, lastly, we must not omit the mention of another
very rare coin belonging to this period, introducing a
new and important type into the Merovingian series.
Obv. DN mAVRLXJ CIVS PPAV. Diademed bust to
right.
232 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Rev.+ VIENNA DE OFFICINA LAVBENTI. Chris-
tian monogram (sometimes called " Chrisme ")
upon a globe ; on either side, A u>.
N. -6 circ. "Revue Num.," 1854, PI. XIII.,
No. 11.
(PL III. No. 8.)
When the reverse type was thoroughly domesticated in
France, the obverse type of the solidi disappears, and the
coins, whether solidi or treraisses, all take the profile bust
with diadem never the helmeted bust facing. (Of. PI.
III. 7, which is an early imitative coin of the Marseilles
type, struck at Viviers [Vivarium].)
Long after the death of Gundovald, the Marseilles type
was continued at that city, and probably in towns near
the Mediterranean, whence (and this fact is a tribute to
the importance which still remained with the cities in the
south) it spread rapidly over the whole of France ; or at
any rate over all that part of it where the gold coinage
was in use. The marked change thus brought about in
the type of the French gold coins gives a means of limit-
ing in one direction or the other the date of any
Merovingian tremisses which we may chance to meet
with. Whatever coins were struck by the kings who pre-
ceded the invasion of Gundovald, are of the Victory-in-
profile type. A few years after the invasion the same
type has almost disappeared. If, for instance, we find,
as we do, the names of Clotaire and Sigebert upon coins
bearing the cross upon the reverse, we have no difficulty
in deciding that the pieces must not be referred to
the first kings among the Merovingians who bore these
names.
By the same means we have a curious indication of the
way in which the coinage of the Visigoths diverged from
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 233
iat of the Franks. We have noticed (p. 224) one piece
>f Amalaric, only distinguishable from the contemporary
[erovingian money by the obscure monogram of the king.
Plate I., No. 14, a specimen was given of an abso-
itely anonymous Gothic coin (identified by its style only)
the kind which probably formed the bulk of the
currency down till 4 nearly the end of the sixth century.
During this interval the style gradually changed, until
the coins more resemble that given in PL III. No. 12,
for these are identical in style with the earliest autony-
moif-s coins. Leovigild (573 586) was the first to intro-
duce this change. He struck coins bearing his own
name, at first in conjunction with that of the Emperor, but
afterwards alone ; and the Yisigothic coinage continued
to show the names of the kings until the end of the series.
Now Leovigild began with the type of the Victory in
profile, as shown upon the coins published by M. Heiss
in his " Monnaies des Rois Wisigoths," PL I.
These coins are
TREMISSES.
1. Obv. DN IYSTIIIAVAC. Diademed bust to right; on
breast, a cross.
Rev. G LIVVIGILDI REGIS. Victory to right, holding
wreath.
Obv. LIVVIGILDVS R. Same type.
Rev. 1NCL1TVS RCGN (or EEX). Victory holding wreath
and palm ; in exergue, ONO.
(Of. PL III. 13.)
The only known coins of Leovigild's son, San Hermene-
jild, are of the same kind (V. PL I, No. 15). San
[ermenegild revolted against his father in 580, and was
VOL. XVIII. N.S. I I
234
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
put to death in 585. 19 Between 580, then, and Leovi-
gild's death in 586, the second of this king's types was
introduced. Of such is the coin given upon the plate
(III., No. 14). We defer for the present the description
of the rest of the Yisigothic series.
We return again to France. The generosity of Maurice
to Ghindovald had not, we saw, the desired effect of attach-
ing permanently any part of Southern France to the
Empire ; it had not even the accidental effect of preserv-
ing a similarity between the coinages of the two countries,
whereby some sort of nominal subjection might be held
to be implied. The Merovingian money enters from this
time forward upon a completely independent career. The
new types introduced are very numerous, though the bust
on the obverse and the cross upon the reverse mark the
vast majority of the coins. Some of the less frequent
types are characteristic of the neighbourhood in which
they are struck.
As regards their legends, the Merovingian coins divide
themselves into two classes, those which bear the name of
the king, and those which have only the name of some
town (civitas, castrd) or village \vicus). 20 On account of
their immense number, it is impossible to give anything
like a complete list of the Merovingian coins, and it is the
less necessary for me to do so within this narrow space as
very elaborate lists and tables are to be found in the pages
of the " Revue Numismatique " (vol. v. O.S., 1840, p. 216,
and the index, vol. i. xx.) and in M. Conbrouse's valu-
able " Catalogue des Monnaies Nationales de France."
19 He was deprived of all his government in the year 580, and
exiled to Valencia. His few coins must have been struck in the
year of his revolt.
:n Or unwalled town.
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 235
It will be best, therefore, to give only the types of the
regal coins in the most probable order of their succession,
as these alone allow us to form an estimate of their date.
The attribution of almost every coin given has been at
one time or another disputed as between the various
members of the Merovingian family who bore the name
which it bears. The following list, therefore, cannot be
considered as final, but it is founded upon the highest
probability attainable.
MEROVINGIAN KINGS.
Clovis, d. 611. TheodoricII.,596 613. Burgundy.
Theodoric, 511 534. Metz. Dagobert I., 622 638. Sole king.
Clotaire L, 611 561. Soissons, aft. Charibert II., 630 631. Aquitaine.
sole king. Childeric I., 631. Aquitaine.
Childebert L, 511 553. Paris. Sigebert II., 632 656. Ostrasia.
Clodomir, 511524. Orleans. Clovis II., 638656. Neustria.
Theodebert L, 534548. Metz. Clotaire III., 656670. Burgundy,
Theodebald L, 548555. Metz. aft. sole king.
Charibert, 561567. Paris and Childeric II., 660673. Ostrasia.
Aquitaine. Theodoric III., 670691. Bur-
Sigebert I., 561675. Ostrasia. gundy, aft. sole king.
Chilperic, 561584. Soissons or Dagobert II., 674679. Ostrasia.
Neustria. Clovis III., 691695. France.
Gontran, 561593. Burgundy. Childebert III., 695711.
Childebert II., 575596. Ostrasia. Dagobert III., 71 1716.
Clotaire II., 584628. Neustria, Childeric III., 716720, deposed
aft. sole king. and restored.
Gundovald Ballomer (Pretender), Clotaire IV., 717 718.
585586. Theodoric IV., 720737.
Theodebert II., 596613. Ostrasia. Childeric III., 742752.
THEODEBERT I. 31
SOLIDI.
1. Obv. DN TH6YDEB EETVSPPAVG. Bust in armour
and helmet, facing, holding orb with cross.
Rev.VICTOm A VCCCA. Victory standing, facing,
holding long cross and orb with cross ; in field,
star ; in exergue, CON OB.
N. '75. Wt. 4-4 grammes circ.
(Of. Type of Justinian, Sabatier, vol. i. PI. XII. 3.)
21 The coins of this king preceded, as has been shown, those
of his uncle, Childebert I. His coins are therefore put first in
the Merovingian series.
236 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Var. Obv. DN THVODIBERTVS.
Rev. Legend repeated and exerg. legend
omitted.
(Cf. PI. III. 2.)
2. Obv. DN TH60DG BGRTVS VICTOR. Bust in armour
and helmet, facing towards left, holding spear over
right shoulder.
Rev. Similar ; in field mm. (See p. 227)
N. Similar size and weight.
(Cf. PI. in. s.)
(Cf. Sabatier, vol. i. PL XII. No. 2.)
8. Obv. Similar to No. 2.
A A VCCCI. Figure holding palm-
branch and Victory, and trampling upon another
C
prostrate figure ; on either side % .
L V
N. -8. Wt. as last.
(PI. III. 4.)
(Cf. Cohen, vol. vi., PI. XIX., Avitus ; more probably, how-
ever, from similar coins of Valentinian III.)
TBIENTES OB TBEMISSES.
4. Obv. DN THeODGBeRTVSd. Draped and diademed
> bust to right.
Rev. VICTORIA ACCCAN. Victory to right, holding
wreath ; behind, star ; in field, mm; in exergue,
CONOB.
N. '55 circ. Wt. 1'4 gramme, over.
(Cf. PI. III. 6 [Rheims].)
A silver coin which has on obverse the legend DN
TGOD, a diademed bust facing, and on the reverse the
AME
legend NIT A within wreath, has been attributed to
SD6I
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 237
Theodebert. It may, however, with rather more proba-
bility, be assigned to Theodahat the Ostrogoth.
CHILDEBEBT AND CHEAMNUS.
TEIENS.
1. Ok'. HILDE BERTTVS. Draped and diademed bust to
right ; above head, cross.
Rev. CHRA MNVS. Victory to right, holding wreath;
above head, cross ; in exergue, CONOP.
N. -6. Wt. 1-47 gramme circ. "Revue Numis.,"
1842, p. 840 ; 1849, p. 87, PI. I. No. 12.
SlGEBEET I.
TEIENTES.
1. Obv. SIGEBER TVS REX. Draped and diaiemed bust
to right. . I
Rev. MANOBIO. Victory to right holding a globe with
cross ; in exergue TMO, possibly Trev. moneta, but
more probably blundered from CONOB.
Jf. *6. Wt. 1*47 gramme circ. " Revue Numis.,"
1844, p. 196.
Another of similar type with rev. legend TVL LO (Toul), in
" R. N.," 1868, PI. XVI.
(SAINT) GONTEAN (?)
TEIENS.
1. Ofcv. GVNTHACH RAMR. Draped and diademed bust to
right.
Rev. SENONI CIVITA (Sens). Victory in chariot (?) to
right, holding cross.
N. *55. Wt. not given.
Le Blanc, p. 44, and Conbrouse, who says that the coin
in the Sivard collection. The coin in the engravings
238 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
looks like a forgery, and as the weight is not given it is
impossible to say, even if the coin be a true one, whether
it could be of St. Gontran.
CHILDEBEBT II.
TBIENTES.
1. Obv. CHILDEBERTVS BEX. Diademed bust in armour
and with shield to right.
Rev. ARELATO CIVIT (Aries). Christian monogram,
on either side of which A R.
N. '55 circ. Wt. 1*8 gramme circ.
2. Obv. CHELDEBERT. Diademed head right.
Rev. AR, within which the letters CI.
N. Le Blanc, p. 80.
3. Obv. CHILDEBERTVS. Draped and diademed bust facing.
Rev. MARETOMOS FECIT. In centre, RE.
N.
Marseilles Type.
4. Ofo.CHILDEBERTVS R. Diademed bust to right.
Rev. BANIS FIT. Cross raised upon ball.
N.
The following coins were probably also struck by
Childebert II. :
Marseilles Type.
Obv. HILDEBERTVS. Cross raised upon one step over
ball.
Rev. PETRAFICIT. Diademed bust to right.
Similar, but rev. PETFII.
Obv. CHILDEBERTI.
Rev. OTINIM.
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 239
CLOTAIRE II.
SOLIDI.
Marseilles Type.
1. Obv. CLO TARIV8. Diademed bust to right.
Rev. [CHLOTJARI VICTORIA. Cross haussee, on either
side of which M A.
JT. Wt. 8-9 grammes circ. Conbrouse.
Varieties, rev. VICTVRIA MIA ... and X XI beside ball.
JT. Wt. 3*7 grammes, over. B.M.
(PL III. 9.)
TEIENTES.
Same Type.
2. Obv. CLO THARIVS RE. Diademed bust to right.
/kv. VICTORIA GOTHICA. Cross haussee between
M A
V IT
JT. '7. Wt. 1-2 gramme, over. B.M.
(PL III. 10.)
Varieties of legend :
O&v. CHLOTARIVS.
Rev. LOTAIRI VICTVR.
Obv. and Rev. CHLOTARIVS REX.
Obv. CHLOTARIVS REX.
l^.VICTVRIC NIOVOO.
Average weight, 1-3 gramme.
Ofo.-CHLOTARIUS RI.
Rev. ELGIVS MOMITA.
Wt. 1 gramme. " R. N.," 1866, p. 839.
Many of these coins have been assigned to Clotaire I.
Their being of the Marseilles type quite precludes this
attribution.
240 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
THEODEBERT II.
TRIENS.
1. Obv. THGODO BERTORO. Diademed bust to right.
Rev. MANILEOBO MONET. In field A R (Aries) ; in
exergue, CIVIS.
JT. -5. Wt. 1'3 gramme, over.
THEODORIC II (?)
TRIENS.
1. Obv. TEVDERIC. Diademed head right.
Rev. +ARAS TES. Cross forming Christian mono-
gram (f).
jr. -5.
DAGOBERT I. (AND II ?)
It is almost impossible to separate the coins of these
two monarchs, supposing that Dagobert II. struck coins
with his name upon them. In this case he seems to have
imitated the types of his predecessor, of which we have
several coins of a very degraded style, and yet with the
name of Eligius. As Eloi was celebrated for the beauty
of the coins made by him, these specimens can hardly be
classed among the number.
SOLIDI. 22
1. Obv. OBER TVSREI. Diademed bust right ; cross above
head.
Rev. GLGGrlVS. Marseilles type.
JT. Wt. 8' 85 grammes, over.
22 An extraordinary piece in the possession of MM. Rollin
and Feuardent reads on the obv. REDANSO IN LEMMOVIO
AGVSTO. Draped bust to right. Rev. + DOMINVS DA-
GOBERTVS REX FRANCORVM. Cross cantonncd with
VIT FIT ^ weighs as much as 5 grammes, and therefore
must be looked upon as a sort of medallion.
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 241
2. Obv. CEALIT. Bust right.
Rev. DAGOBERTVS REX. Cross ancree, beside which
EL Id.
J&. Conbrouse.
TRIENTES.
8. Ofo. DAGOBERTVZ. Draped and diademed bust to right.
Rev. ELEGIVS. Marseilles type.
Var. by letters beside cross : V C, A Q, Q A, VI VA.
Reverse legends of this type :
AROIR. REX FELICC.
CAB ONNO. ROMANOS MACAVENSES
DAGOBERTVS. (Mayence).
DEVS REX. rIM . . . DHONI.
GEMELLVS (obv. leg.). VICTVRIA.
MASSILIA.
4. Obv. Legend uncertain. Draped and diademed bust to
right.
Rev. HILDOALDVS. Square cross cantonned with A R.
If.
Another in JR. has obv. DAGOBERTVS.
5. Obv. PARISI CIV. Draped and diademed bust to right.
Rev. DAGOBERTVS. Cross ancree below; on either
side, ELI GI.
N. Le Blanc, p. 50.
6. Obv. DAGOBERTVS REX. Diademed head to right.
Ev. EANTOVIANOI FIT. Chalice surmounted by cross.
tf. Le Blanc, p. 50.
It will be observed that some new forms of the cross
are introduced in this reign, as well as another religious
device, the chalice. This was due, no doubt, to the piety
of St. Eligius (Eloi), the money er of Dagobert. The
pieces which bear the name of Eligius without that of any
VOL. XVI1T. N.S. K K
242 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
king, may have been struck in the reigns of Clotaire II.,
Dagobert L, or Clovis II.
CHARIBERT II.
1. Ofo. HERIBERTVS REX. Draped and diademed bust
to right.
Rev. -MASSILIA. Marseilles type.
N.
2. Obv. CHARIBERTVS REX. Diademed head to right.
Rev. BANNACIAEO FIIT (and var.) Chalice.
N. -5. Wt. 1-25 gramme.
(PL III. 11.)
Var. legends : MAXIMINVS M (Obv.), LEVGOS MONE-
TA (Obv.), TELAFIVS MONETA.
CHILDERIC I.
(See Childeric II.)
SlGEBERT II.
1. Obv. SlGEBERT VS REX. Draped and diademed bust
to right. In front R.
^.VICTVRIA A. Marseilles type.
M.
Type of cross slightly varied.
Var. of legend, MASSILIA.
2. Obv. SIGIB . . . Similar to No. 1.
Rev. Chalice; in exergue, BAN.
N.
CLOVIS II.
TRIENTES.
1. Qbv. CHOLOVICVS. Draped and diademed bust right.
Rev. ELIGIVS MO. Marseilles type.
N.
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 243
Var. cross on two steps, on either side, y -5.
N. Wt. 1 gramme, over.
2. Obv. CHLODOVEVS E. Draped and diademed bust to
right.
Rev. [PAKI] SIVS IN CIVIT. Cross ancree ; on either
side EL IGI.
3. Obv. +CHLOTHOVICHVS E. Draped bust in helmet ? to
right.
Rev. MONET A PALATI. Cross chrismee on three steps ( d* )
N.
4. Obv. CHLODOVIVS. Draped and diademed bust to right.
Rev. AVEILIANI^HTVS. Even-limbed cross, on either
side above, EE E.
N.
CLOTAIRE III.
No coins can with certainty be assigned to this king,
as distinguished from the coins of his predecessors with
that name. There can be no doubt that the practice of
striking regal coins was falling more and more into
disuse, and that the issue of independent money was more
and more frequent. The one coin with the name of
Clotaire III. and Childeric II. is given below.
CHILDEEIC II (OB I?).
SOLIDI.
1. Obv. CHILDEE IEVS EE. Draped and diademed bust to
Tjl
right ; in front, j .
Rev. [MASI]LI CIVITA. Marseilles type ; M A beside
cross potent on ball.
& Of coarse fabric, and therefore probably of late
date. See " Eev. Num.," 1845, p. 345.
Others read HILAEEICVS EEX.
244 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
There are a number of pieces given by Conbrouse of the
same type. In spite of the fact that Childeric I. only
reigned for one year, whereas Childeric II. reigned for
thirteen years, there are many reasons for doubting
whether many were not struck by the first of the two
Childerics. The sole type, it is to be observed, is the
Marseilles type, which was prevalent in the time of Chil-
deric L, especially in Aquitaine, where he reigned ;
whereas in the time of Childeric II. it had been partly
superseded. Again, solidi became more and more scarce
toward the end of the Merovingian dynasty, whereas
many of the coins given by Conbrouse are solidi. Those
with HILAERJCVS may fairly be considered late.
TEIENTES.
Obv. CHILDERICVS REX. Diademed head to right.
.to, CHLOTARIVS REX. Marseilles type, M A.
k.
Var. of legend, MASILIE CIV1TATIS, CIVITALI MA-
SILIA, CIVITATIS MASSILIE, METTIb CIV.
DAGOBEBT II.
The following coin has been assigned to the second
Dagobert :
1. Obv. DAGOBERTO RX. Bust in helmet to right.
Rev. AMOLENO MOET. A cross.
N.
THEODOBIC III. OB IV.?
BILLON COINAGE.
Obv. TEVDORICI. Cross (Marseilles type) within a
wreath.
Rev. TRE in monogram (Treves ?).
Var. TEVDORI.
. THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 245
We now get some notion of the order of the Mero-
vingian types. Till the revolt of Gundovald, the Victory
is the only one employed upon the reverse of coins.
During the reigns of Childebert II. and Clotaire II. is
introduced what has heen described as the Marseilles type,
the cross (frequently potent) raised upon a ball or upon
steps, and accompanied at first by the letters M A, for
Marseilles ; afterwards frequently by other letters, or by
none. This type completely supersedes the earlier one,
and continues till almost the end of the Merovingian
series. It is of course specially distinctive of the larger
towns, which adhered at first to the cause of Gundovaid.
The Christian monogram appears in its full development
first on the coin of Maurice, struck at Vienne, afterwards
on that of Childebert II. struck at Aries ; it appears in
another form on the coins of Theodoric II., and continues
to the end of the Merovingian series. Dagobert I. intro-
duces upon his own coins two new types, the even-limbed
cross and the chalice, both of which are very common
upon the Merovingian trientes. Other types were intro-
duced by his and Clotaire's moneyer, Eligius; and we
must attribute to this period the great extension and
variety of the independent local issues. These gradually
supersede the regal coins and, still keeping their varieties
of type, but degenerating in execution and weight, they
close the gold issue of the Franks. Towards the latter
years of the Merovingian dynasty, and under the influ-
ence of the German Mayors of the Palace, a silver coinage
revives in the north of France and in the end supersedes
ic gold issue. The rise of this silver coinage belongs to
le fourth section into which this history of the coinage
Western Europe has been divided.
246 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
THE VISIGOTHS.
The place of importance in the history of the European
coinages at this epoch belongs to the Merovingian money,
as from France alone came the influences which continued
the coinages of the Middle Ages. The Visigoths and the
Lombards left no permanent trace of their occupation. In
their general character both these series adhere to the pre-
valent characteristics of a coinage at this time, that is, they
consist almost exclusively of trientes, and contain few or
no 23 silver coins. But beyond this general likeness, each
series has henceforth an independent character. The exact
point at which the Visigothic coinage breaks off from all
connection with the Merovingian, has already been indi-
cated. Leovigild's first type is the Victory ; his second
was taken from the cross haussee of Tiberius and Mauri-
tius, not directly, probably, but through the intervention
of the Marseilles type. Nevertheless, it does not closely
resemble any Merovingian coin, and from this time for-
ward all connection between the coinages of France and
Spain comes to an end.
As the coinage of the Visigoths has received such an
exhaustive treatment at the hands of M. Heiss, it will be
unnecessary here to do more than give a list of the differ-
ent types, the different kings, and the towns at which
they struck.
VISIGOTHIC TYPES.
1. Obv. Bust in profile, cross on breast.
Rev. Victory holding wreath and palm.
(Cf. PL III. No. 13.)
23 Few in the case of the Lombards ; none in that of the
Visigoths.
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE.
247
2. Obv. Similar.
Rev. Cross haussee on three steps.
(Of. PI. III. No. 14.)
(The cross on the breast disappears, the figure grows
smaller, and the reverse cross grows smaller likewise, as
we proceed along the row of kings.)
3. Obv. Bust facing.
Rev. Bust facing.
(Cf. PI. III. No. 15.)
4. Obv. Long cross ; on either side two busts counter-gardant.
Rev. Cruciform monogram.
LEOVIGILD (573586).
Types 1, 2, 3.
MINTS.
Bracara ? (Braga). Narbona.
Caesaraugusta (Saragossa). Portocale (Oporto).
Cordoba. Reccopolis (near Almonacid de
Egessa(Egeade losCaballeros). Zarita).
Elvora (Evora). Rhoda (Rosas).
Emerita (Merida). Toletum.
Hispalis (Seville). Tucci ? (Martos).
Lebea? (Lieba).
Barcinona.
Brigantium (Betanzos).
Caasaraugusta.
Coleia (Goleia).
Contosolia (Magacela).
Cordoba.
Dertosa (Tortosa).
RECCAREDUS I. (586601).
Types 2, 3.
Egitania (Idanha Velha).
Eliberris (Elvira).
Elvora.
Emerita.
Hispalis.
Iminio (Coimbra).
[Massilia. 24 ]
24 A coin is published by M. Heiss, of the Marseilles type, and
with the letters M A. There is no reason to believe that it
was struck at Marseilles, only that it imitated the Merovingian
coins.
248
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Mentesa (La Guardia).
Narbona.
Oliovasio (Olibes).
Pincia (Pentes).
Portocaie.
Reccopolis.
Rhoda.
Salmantica (Salamanca).
Tarraco (Tarragona).
Toletum.
Tornio. (?)
Turiaso (Tarazona).
Tude (Tuy).
LIUVA II. (601603).
Type 3.
Barcinona. Emerita. Mandolas.
Caesaraugusta. Hispalis. Portocaie.
Elvora. Iminio. Toletuin.
Barcinona.
Biterris (Beziers).
Bracara.
Brigantium.
Caliabria (near Ciudad Rodrigo).
Catora (?).
Caesaraugusta.
Eliberris.
Elvora.
Emerita.
Georres (Puebla de Valdeorras).
WITTERIC (603 610).
Type 3.
Hispalis.
Lastera (Ledra).
Lavo. (?)
Mentesa.
Narbona.
Oliovasio.
Palentucio. (?)
Saldania (Saldana),
Tarraco.
Toletum.
Tude.
Csesaraugusta.
Eliberris.
GONDEMAR (610612).
Type 3.
Hispalis.
Tarraco.
Toletum.
Turiaso.
SISEBUT (612621).
Type 3.
Bergidum? (near Villa Franca Lamego.
del Vierzo). Mentesa.
Caesaraugusta. Portocaie.
Egitania. Senvre (Senra ?).
Elvora. Saguntum (Murviedro).
Emerita. Tarraco.
Georres. Toletum.
Hispalis. Turiaso.
Iminio. Veseo (Viseu).
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE.
249
Acci (Guardix el
Viejo)..
Asturica (Astorga).
Barbi (near Martos).
Caesaraugusta.
Coleia.
Cordoba.
Barbi.
Caesaraugusta.
Cordoba.
Egitania.
Acci.
Castulona (Cazlona).
Cordoba.
Emerita.
Gerunda (Girona).
Barbi.
Beatia (Baeza).
Caesaraugusta.
SUINTHILA (621631).
Type 3.
Eliberris. Senvre.
Emerita. Tarraco.
Georres. Toletum.
Hispalis. Tucci (Martos).
Lucus (Lugo). Turiaso.
Mentesa. Valentia.
Narbona. Ventosa. (?)
SISENAND (631636).
Type 3.
Emerita. Narbona.
Hispalis. Tarraco.
Mentesa. Toletum.
CHINTHILA (636640).
Types 2, 8.
Hispalis. Narbona.
Iminio. Petra. (?)
Lucus. Toletum.
Mave(Mabe-gerunda, Tucci.
or Mave ?). Valentia.
TULGA (640642).
Type 8.
Cordoba. Lsetera.
Egitania. Tarraco.
Emerita. Toletum.
Hispalis.
CHINDASUINTHE (642649).
Type 3.
Asturica. Hispalis.
Aurense (Orense).
Beatia.
Bracara.
Calapa (between Moimenta and
Cualedro).
Cordoba.
Eliberris.
Emerita.
Fraucelo (Francelos).
Lucus.
Mave.
Narbona.
Petra.
Saldania.
Toletum.
Toriviana (Torebia).
Tude.
VOL. XVIII. N.S.
L L
250.
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
CHINDASUINTHE AND RECCASUINTHE (649 653).
Type 4 (and var.).
Emerita. Narbona.
Hispalis. Toletum.
REOCASUINTHE (653672).
Types 2, 3.
Bracara. Emerita. Tarraco.
Cordoba. Hispalis. Toletum.
Egitania. Narbona. Tude.
Cordoba.
Emerita.
WAMBA (672680).
Type 2.
Hispalis.
Tarraco.
Toletum.
Cordoba.
Eliberris.
EBVIGIUS (680687).
Types 2, 3 (var.).
Emerita.
Hispalis.
Narbona.
Salmantica.
Tarraco.
Toletum.
Tucci.
Acci.
Bracara.
Caesaraugusta.
Cordoba.
Eliberris.
EGICA (687696).
Type 2 (and var.).
Emerita.
Gerunda.
Hispalis.
Mentesa.
Narbona.
Salmantica.
Tarraco.
Toletum.
Valentia.
EGICA AND WITTIZA (696700).
Type 4 (and var.).
Bracara.
Caesaraugusta.
Cordoba.
Ebora.
Eliberris.
Emerita.
Gerunda.
Hispalis.
Mentesa.
Narbona.
Tarraco.
Toletum.
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 251
WITTIZA (700710).
Type 2 (and var.). 25
Csesaraugusta. Gerunda. Narbona.
Cordoba. Hispalis. Tarraco.
Emerita. Mentesa. Toletum.
RODEBIGO (710711).
Type 2.
Egitania. Toletum.
The history of the Visigoths ends with this monarch,
who was defeated by the Arabs under Tarik at the battle
of Guadaleta, 31st July, 711, when Spain passed into the
hands of Musa-ibn-Nuseyr, Governor of Africa.
ACHILA (uncertain king, probably a rival of Roderic, 711 ?).
Type 2.
Narbona. Tarraco.
THE LOMBARDS.
It was in 590 that Autharis (Odoacer, Otto), the third
in succession from Alboin, struck his spear upon a column
on the sea-shore at Rhegium, and proclaimed that as the
limit of the Longobardish kingdom. With this event the
era of conquest ends ; but in truth the Lombards never
possessed the whole of Italy, nor was the power of their
kings ever supreme even in those regions which the Lom-
bards possessed. Rome, Venice, and Naples acknow-
ledged the exarchate of Ravenna, or, in reality, they kept
up a kind of independent republic, each in their own
country. In the south of Italy especially, Byzantine
influences were predominant. The Germanic nations,
25 Some of the coins of Toleto in this reign are of a new and
peculiar reverse type, namely, the cross, surrounded by a crown
of thorns.
252 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
too, were not accustomed to the simplicity of a united
government, and the feudal chiefs who established them-
selves in the land soon became almost independent, and
often appear as the rivals of the kings. These are the
Dukes of Benevento, Spoleto, Turin, Friuli, &c., whose
office, whatever its original character, soon became here-
ditary. The first of these, the Dukes of Benevento, after
having possessed for a time the crown of Lombardy,
became independent princes and issued a separate series
of coins.
The kingdom attains its summit under Cunipert,
Aripert, and Luitprand, the last of whom was the great
law-giver or law-reviser of the Lombards. These are the
kings who have given us most of the coins of the Lom-
bard series. Soon after the death of Luitprand began a
series of intestine struggles which were only ended when
the arms of Charlemagne intervened in favour of the Holy
See. During all the period of Lombard rule, no single
family succeeded in long retaining the crown, which was
always held rather by election than descent, and passed
from one to another among the heads of the ducal houses. 26
Though at one time a Duke of Benevento is found upon
the throne, it would seem that by the beginning of the
eighth century the people of the south had very much
separated themselves from the court of Pa via, and had
gravitated more towards the Eastern Empire. This is
shown by the coins. The Dukes or Princes of Benevento
succeeded in retaining their principality for some years
26 This condition of life, under feudal superiors with elective
kings, i.e. leaders in battle, was the ideal condition of society
among all the German nations ; feudalism being, as Mayne and
others have shown, little else than the development of the old
Teutonic community.
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE.
253
after Charlemagne had seized the crown of Lombardy.
Their money dovetails in with the Karling series of coins,
and though the list of the coins is given here, they will be
referred to again in the next part.
The coins of the Lombards are quite original in style
and type, bearing no resemblance to those of the Mero-
vingians upon the one side except indeed the resem-
blance, now general in Europe, of their being struck
chiefly in gold nor to the coins of the Empire, as re-
presented at Ravenna, upon the other side. The money
of Beneventum, however, follows closely the current
imperial type, and shows the relationship which existed
between Southern Italy and Byzantium. In truth, Naples
and Sicily were at this time Eastern and not Western.
The following are the types of the Lombard coins :
CUNIPEBT.
(Conjointly with his father, 679688 ; alone, 688700.)
(V. Paulus Diac., v. 35.)
Obv. DN CVNI NCPGRT. Draped and diademed bust to
right ; in front, H.
Eev. SCS MI H1HL. St. Michael standing towards left,
holding long cross pommee and round shield.
JV. *7. Wt. '7 gramme, circ.; Zanetti, "Monete
d'ltalia," vol. iv., PL I. No. 3.
(PI. III. 16.)
Var. D before head on obverse. These letters are no
doubt mint- marks, but they do not seem to be the initial
of any towns where the Lombards probably had mints.
Their capital was Pavia; another important town was
Verona, another Lucca.
254 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
ARIPERT (701712).
(P. D., vi. 20.)
Obv. DNA RIP6R. Same type as last ; in front, H.
Rev. Same as last.
N. -57.
LUITPBAND (712739).
1. Obv. DNjV TPRAN. Similar type, but more barbarous ;
in front of head, H.
Rev. Same as last.
N. -9.
2. Obv. Similar ; var. in front of head, T (Ticinius, Pavia ?).
Rev. Similar, but angel wearing pointed helmet. 27
N. '9.
(PL III. 17.)
SILVER.
Obr. Draped and diademed bust to right ; uncertain legend
NIOI A.
Rev. Monogram of Luitprand ?
JR. '5. Wt. '5 gramme, over.
(PI. III. 18.)
This is the attribution of the late Count de Sails. Its
likelihood depends very much upon the circumstances of
its discovery. Monograms of this complicated character
lend themselves to almost any interpretation, but I confess
I cannot make out Luitprand from the monogram upon
this coin.
ASTAULF (751755).
GOLD.
Lucca.
Obv. DN AISTVLF REX. In centre, even-limbed cross
potent.
27 I have little doubt that this is meant for a helmet, though
the appearance of one of this shape is remarkable.
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 255
Rev.-+ FLAVIA LVCA. Flower.
N. -65.
(PI. III. 19.)
DESIDERIUS (756774).
Lucca.
Obv. + DN DESIDER R. Cross potent, as last.
Rev.- Same as last.
Jf. -65.
COINS WITH UNCERTAIN MONOGRAMS.
1. Obv. Monogram attributed to Katchis (744 749), but
without much probability.
Rev. Cross potent, surrounded by VIVIVI, &c.
N. -65.
2. Obv. Monogram attributed with more likelihood to Athalgis
(774800).
N. -6.
No KING.
Lucca.
Obv. Same as reverse of coins of Astaulf and Desiderius.
Rev. Same as reverse of last two coins.
N. '65.
DUKES OF BENEVENTUM.
The type of the following coins is imitated closely from
the contemporary pieces of Justinian II., and as the name
of the duke who struck the coin is at first only hinted by
one or more letters in the field, it will be unnecessary to
repeat the description of the coins of each. In fact, here
we find ourselves returning to the earlier method of indi-
cating the name of the king who struck any coin, by
placing his initial or his monogram in the field of the
reverse, such as we noticed on the solidi of Theodoric
the Ostrogoth and Gondobald the Burgundian. Though
256 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
by this time such a practice had been long abandoned in
other parts of Europe.
SOLIDUS.
Obv. DN IVSTNIANVS PPAVG (frequently blundered).
Draped and diademed bust facing, holding orb with
cross.
Rev. VICTORIA AVG (also frequently blundered). Cross
potent, raised upon four steps (Byzantine cross) in
field, initial letter of Duke ; in exergue CONOB.
N. '8. Wt. 4 grammes, over.
(PI. III. 20.)
TRIENS.
Similar type, but on reverse cross on ball over one step.
N. '5. Wt. 1*4 gramme, circ.
(PL III. 21.)
The dukes indicated in this way seem, to be
R Romoald II. (698720). G ^ Gisulf III. (732749).
Mngm. Andelas (721722). L Luitprand (749758).
% Q Gregory (722729). A Arrigis (758787, Prince,
G E Godescalc (729732). 774).
After this series we corne to the coins of
GRIMOALD III. AND CHARLEMAGNE (787 798).
SOLIDUS (of base gold).
Obv. GRIM + VALD. Same type as before.
Rev. DOMS * CAR* R. Byzantine cross ; on either side,
G R ; in exergue, VIC.
N. -85. Wt. 3-9 grammes.
(PI. III. 22.)
TRIENS (of base gold).
Same type.
N. *6. Wt. 1*1 gramme, over.
THE COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. 257
GRIMOALD III. (independent, 793) OR GRIMOALD IV. (806827).
SOLTDUS.
Oltr. Same.
7,V/\ VICTORIA PRINCIPE. Same type. G R beside
cross ; in exergue, ONO.
TRIENS.
Same type.
SILVER DENARIUS (Karling standard).
1. (>l>r. Monogram of Grimoald.
Her. BENE BENTV. Byzantine cross; on either side,
A O).
JR. -7. (PI. III. 23.)
GRIMOALD IV.
SILVER DENARIUS.
2. Obc.~ GRIMOALD FILIVS ERMENRICI. Flower with
branch on either side.
Rev. ARCHANGELVS MICHAEL. Radiate cross patee.
M.
(PI. III. 24.)
SIGO (827833).
SOLIDUS.
Obv. SIGO PRINCES. Draped and diademed bust, hold
ing orb as before.
7?^r. ARCHANGELVS MICHAEL. Angel standing,
facing, holding cross with Christian monogram, and
orb with cross ; in exergue, CONO. (Var., no
exergue.)
N.
TRIENS.
Obv. Same.
liev. ARCHANGEL MICHAEL. Cross potent on one
step ; on either side S C.
A".
VOL. XVIII. N.S. M M
258 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
SILVER DENARIUS.
Obv.+ PRINCES BENEBENTI. S I G at extremity
of limbs of a cross.
Rev. ARCHANGELVS MIHAEL. Byzantine cross.
JR.
(PI. III. 25.)
SICAREDUS (838839).
SOLIDUS.
Obv. HSIC ARDV. Type as of preceding prince.
Rev. Type as of preceding prince ; S I beside cross.
N.
TRIENS.
Same type.
N.
DENARIUS.
Same as of preceding prince, but name of Sicaredus
arranged in monograms around cross.
JR.
RADELCHIS (839851).
SOLIDUS.
Same as of preceding princes ; but RADEL CHIS
on obv., and R A on rev.
N.
DENARIUS.
Obv. RADELCHIS PRINCEPS. Flower, as on coins of
Grimoald.
Ilev. ARCHANGG MICHAGL. Cross, as on coins of
Grimoald.
JR.
C. P. KEARY.
(To be continued.}
NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.
Xuniismatique de V Orient Latin. Par G. Schlumberger.
Paris, 1878. 4to, 501 pp., with 19 plates.
In this extremely handsome volume, published under the
auspices of the Societe de 1'Orient Latin, we have the results of
the labour of many years bestowed by the author on a series of
coins which has always been of interest, but perhaps never
more so than at the present time, when the future as well as
the past history of the East is attracting so much attention.
Following in the steps of M. de Saulcy, whose " Numismatique
des Croisades " appeared some thirty years ago, M. Schlum-
berger has largely added to the scope of his work by including
by the side of the coins of the Crusaders of Syria and Cyprus
and their brethren of Greece and the Peloponnesus the numer-
ous suites of coins issued in the Levant by the Knights of St.
John, the Venetians, and the Genoese. He has, as he says,
attempted to expound the numismatic history of the Latin
races in the East during a period of five hundred years, from the
first Crusade at the dawn of the twelfth century, until the fall of
the last Italian colonies of the Archipelago under the Ottoman
sabre in the sixteenth.
In doing this he has not only consulted the numerous authors
who have written on the subject of these coins, of whom a list
is prefixed to the work, but has carefully consulted the histo-
rical works more properly so called, from which to compile the
story of the different princes and authorities by whom coins
were struck, and to ascertain the dates to be assigned to each.
To assist him in his work the author has both travelled in
the East and formed an important collection of the coins of
which he treats perhaps the most important of its kind. He
has also studied the collections in London, Berlin, Vienna, and
Turin, besides being in communication with the directors or
owners of the other principal collections in Europe. He has,
moreover, searched all the chronicles and documents of the
period to which he could obtain access, with the view of
finding mention, however slight, of the coins which form the
subject of his work.
After such an amount of preparation we are the less sur-
prised at the magnitude of the volume before us, which, as the
author observes, is intended as a book of reference rather than
as one to be read ; though, wherever it is consulted, it will be
found to present its information in a pleasant readable form.
The coins and their history are divided into two groups.
The first comprises 1, the Principalities of Syria and Palestine,
260 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
including the Counts of Edessa, the Lords of Marach, the
Princes of Antioch, the Kings of Jerusalem, the Counts of
Tripoli, the secondary baronies of the kingdom of Jerusalem,
and the Arab imitations of the Frankish coins ; 2, the kingdom
of Cyprus ; 3, the dynasts of Rhodes, up to the conquest by the
Knights of St. John of Jerusalem ; and 4, the grand-masters of
that order.
The second group is even more comprehensive, its principal
headings being as follows : Kings of Salonica, Princes of Achaia,
Baronies of the Morea, Dukes of Athens, Lords of the Negro-
pont, Despots of Epirus, the Sebastocrators of Patra, the Nea-
politan Princes of Epirus, the Latin Seigneurs of the Archipelago,
the Genoese Lords of Chios, the Gattilusio family, the Lords of
the two Phocaeas, the Genoese colonies of Pera and Caffa, the
Venetian colonies of the Levant, and the Turcoman coins with
Latin inscriptions.
Such a list as this gives some idea of the scope of this work,
and of the amount of information it contains. Although this
class of coins has not been so much studied in England as it
deserves to be, yet our readers will no doubt remember an
interesting article on a hoard of coins found at Ephesus by
Mr. Wood, which was printed in the twelfth volume of this
Chronicle. In it Mr. Grueber gave an account of upwards of
two thousand coins struck by the Latin rulers in the East, and
we cannot do better than refer our readers back to this article
to enable them to judge of the numismatic and historical im-
portance of the series of coins of which M. Schluinberger has so
exhaustively treated. Two other articles, from the pens of
Mr. Fitzgerald and Mr. Pfister, which also appeared in the
Numismatic Chronicle, 1 and one by Mr. Lindsay, comprise, we
believe, the whole of the English bibliography of the subject.
Notwithstanding the important part played by our Richard Cceur
de Lion in the Crusades whose marriage, indeed, took place in
the Island of Cyprus, so recently brought under English rule
and in the Latin kingdom which he founded, no traces of English
influence can be perceived on these coins ; and this circumstance
may, perhaps, account for the indifference hitherto displayed in
this country towards them. The appearance of M. Schlum-
berger's book at this juncture is especially opportune ; and we
hope that some of our readers may, in consequence, be led to
take up the study of this important branch of numismatics.
When we add that the plates which illustrate M. Schlumberger's
volume are engraved by Dardel, we need say no more : we may,
however, mention that the publisher is M. Ernest Leroux, of
Paris. J. E.
1 Vol. viii. p. 197 ; vol. xv. p. 1.
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS
ON COINS OF THE SUCCESSORS OF CONSTANTINE I. ETC.
'';
l^K.
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS
ON COINS OF THE SUCCESSORS OF CONSTANTINE I. ETC
OV7AMTIMCT rAIM<i
S. VolZMJU. "
CHRISTIAN EMBLEMS
ON COINS OF THE SUCCESSORS OF CONSTANTINE I. ETC
l-ll BYZANTINE COINS 12 EDESSA,
!3 14 MAXENTIVS
(JkroA. NS l/o L WUI. Fl. XL
^fe)
-'
COINAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE ETC. PLATE m.
XI.
NUMISMATIC REATTRIBUTIONS. PHANES : LAMIA :
ELECTRYONA.
THE numismatist who proposes the reattribution of already
published coins, does so at some risk. The first publisher
of a coin must in any case render some service, even if he
mistake the true character and history of the monument
he describes. But the republisher comes into court, as it
were, with a rope round his neck. Unless he is right, he
does little or nothing for the advancement of knowledge,
but only wastes time. It is therefore not without much
diffidence that I venture to propose certain reattribution s
of interesting Greek coins, a diffidence only overcome by
my confidence in the verdict of those able numismatists
who have already professed themselves favourable to the
changes here proposed. I should add that the new
attributions were in each case first suggested by remarks
of one of the most careful and useful of our numis-
matists, Mr. H. P. Borrell, whose manuscript catalogue of
the collection of the Bank of England I have frequently
of late had occasion to consult, and have been compelled
to assign it a high rank among original numismatic
works.
VOL. XV11I. N.S. N N
262 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
I. PHANES.
Herodotus in his third book (ch. iv.) writes thus :
" There was, among the mercenaries of Amasis, a Halicar-
nassian, by name Phanes, a man of judgment and valiant
in conduct. This Phanes, having some quarrel with
Amasis, fled by sea from Egypt, wishing to open negotia-
tions with Cambyses. As he was of no small account
among the mercenaries, being intimately acquainted with
Egypt, Amasis pursued him, making every effort to cap-
ture him." The tale proceeds that Phanes escaped from the
pursuer to the court of Cambyses, and became his guide
in the invasion of Egypt in the year B.C. 527 or 525. The
Greek and Carian mercenaries of Amasis, being furious at
the desertion of Phanes, slew his sons in camp within sight
of their father. Shortly afterwards a battle took place, in
which the troops of Amasis were defeated and Cambyses
became master of Egypt. It is of this Phanes that I
Delieve myself to have discovered a numismatic me-
morial.
The coin in question is of electrum, weighing 217*8
grains. It was published by Mr. Newton in the volume
of the Numismatic Chronicle for 1870, page 237, and
appears in Mr. Head's paper on electrum coins (1875),
PL VII. No. 4. I repeat the woodcut from Mr. New-
ton's article slightly altered. The inscription I read
thus :
NUMISMATIC REATTR1BUTIONS. 263
The obverse type is a stag; and on the reverse is an
oblong sinking between two square ones. It will be seen
on comparison that Mr. Newton read the inscription some-
what differently. He wrote it thus <I>AENO EMI
ZHMA, and was inclined, with the greatest hesitation, to
see in <1>AENOR a variant of <aeWs, which he considered
as a possible genitive of <aei/u>, the bright one, an epithet
of Artemis. He further suggested that if the coin be-
longed to Artemis it might have been struck at Ephesus.
But he informs me that he has never been satisfied with
this attribution ; and I have little doubt that he would
have anticipated my attribution had he known of an
important fact which I have since discovered.
This fact is conveyed in a manuscript note of Mr. Bor-
rell, the original possessor of the coin, which states that
the piece was found at Budrun (Halicarnassus). An
attentive examination of the piece has also led me to find
in the place of <!>AENOR 4>ANOZ. I doubt if there
ever was a letter between the A and N ; the space between
those letters appearing to result from some accident to the
die ; but if there ever was a letter it has quite disappeared.
In Mr. Head's photograph it looks as if there were two
N's, but certainly only one is to be seen on the coin itself.
Also I read Z somewhat blurred in the place of R
inverted.
4>ANOZ is, however, quite a correct form for the geni-
tive of 4>ANHZ, although <I>ANEOZ would be the usual
Ionic form. <I>ANOZ EMI ZHMA would mean "I am
the mark or symbol of Phanes." So it seems reasonable
to judge, as the coin was found at Halicarnassus and bears
the name of Phanes, that it was issued by the chief men-
tioned by Herodotus, who may in all probability have been
of Halicarnassus, his native city, before he took
2(>4 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
service with the Egyptian king Amasis. Herodotus does
not indeed say that Phanes was tyrant of Halicarnassus,
but it is intrinsically probable that he was so even apart
from the conclusive evidence offered by the present coin.
He was a man of great mark among the mercenaries of
Amasis, and we know that Halicarnassus, as well as most
of the cities on the west coast of Asia Minor, was in the
sixth century under the rule of successive tyrants. What
more probable than that Phanes was master of the city
about B.C. 550 530, and in consequence of some civic
revolt went to seek his fortune in Egypt ?
It is precisely to the period B.C. 620 540 that Mr.
Newton, on the evidence of its epigraphy, assigned this
coin. It is interesting to compare the fashion of its
inscription with that of other inscriptions dating from the
same early period. Of all these the one which comes
nearest to it in epigraphical character is the well-known
legend cut upon the foot of a statue at Abu-Simbel in
Nubia. This was engraved in memory of one of their
expeditions by Greek mercenaries in the service of Psam-
mitichus I. or II., King of Egypt, at a period not later
than about B.C. 600. On comparing with it the legend of
our coin, letter by letter, it appears that the alphabet used
is identical, except only that the N of the coin is sloping,
that of the Egyptian inscription nearly erect. To the
dialectic form, on the coin, avos as genitive of ^avr/s,
corresponds in the lapidary inscription 0eo/cA.os as genitive
of eo/cAiys. Kirchhoff says that the alphabet used in com-
mon in the two inscriptions is the early Ionic, although
some of the dialectic forms, such as that just quoted, are
rather Doric. To nearly the same period belong the in-
scriptions cut on the statues from the sacred way at
Branchidae. The alphabet employed in these is of a very
NUMISMATIC KKATTKIBUT1ONS. 265
similar character to that used at Abu-Simbel, the chief
difference being the introduction of Z in the place of .
It is very interesting to observe the exact correspondence
of the alphabet of Abu-Simbel with that of our coin,
because Phanes also, as already observed, was an Egyptian
mercenary.
The coin before us has usually been supposed to be the
earliest inscribed specimen known. In assigning it to the
middle of the sixth century B.C., we gain a fixed point
whence to reckon backward to the origin of coinage in
Asia Minor. Mr. Head, in his " Metrological Notes,"
gives the electrum coins of the Graeco- Asiatic standard to
the period 700 520 B.C. ; but the money which he assigns
to the lower date has a much later appearance than our
coin, which in style and fabric rather resembles the
earliest of the pieces described by Mr. Head, and certainly
looks far more archaic than the money given by general
consent and on very good grounds to Croesus, King of
Lydia. It is possible that the coinage of Halicarnassus
and Curia was later in development than that of Lydia
and Ionia. I should prefer this supposition to the theory
that our piece was issued at Halicaruassus half a century
earlier than I have supposed by a grandfather of the
Phanes of Herodotus, who, according to all Hellenic
analogy, might well have the same name as his grandson.
I have thought it right to mention this last theory because
it would no doubt suggest itself to some of my readers ;
but its adoption is unnecessary, and would occasion much
inconvenience in early Greek numismatics by suggesting
to us a precocity and universality of coinage on the coast
of Caria which we should not have expected.
266 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
II. LAMIA.
The very rare coin of Lamia in Thessaly (weight, 86 gr.),
of which we give in PI. XII. a photographic enlarge-
ment, taken from a clever cast by Mr. Augustus Ready, 1
was briefly described by Mr. Borrell in these pages (N.C.,
VI F. page 119). This writer was completely puzzled by
the head on the obverse, which he declared to be of a
character quite new in Greek numismatics. A similar
piece was engraved by Dr. Friedlander in the Zeitschrift
fiir Numismatik (1878, page 16). Dr. Friedlander con-
siders the head on the obverse, in spite of the earring, to
be that of Apollo, and in the type of the reverse sees a
youthful Philoctetes. Why I cannot accept this view
will plainly appear presently.
Long ago Mr. Head remarked to me that the seated
figure of the reverse belonged clearly by style to the
period immediately succeeding Alexander the Great. I
hesitated at first, on account of the great excellence of
the work, to bring it down so late ; but now clearly see
that he was right. And, in fact, the diadem which
encircles the head on our obverse indicates a time after
that of Alexander. Observing this diadem, I felt sure
that the head adorned by it was of no deity, but of a per-
sonage. That this personage was female was rendered
clear not only by the modelling of the head, but by the
prominent earring, worn by no male Greek of that time.
That the head was a portrait, and a portrait of no ordinary
merit, seemed quite clear when one looked at it with care.
1 I think it right to add that this cast has been a little re-
touched. In the British Museum there are two specimens of
this coin, both on the obverse from the same die, but both
pierced. The cast is taken from one specimen, and slightly
corrected by help of the other.
NUMISMATIC IlEATTRIBUTIONS. 267
Of whom should this portrait be ? Undoubtedly of some
lady of the age of the first Diadochi, about B.C. 300. But
certainly of no queen. Queens at this period would
usually wear the veil, and it is quite out of the
question that any one of them should appear on coins
with short hair hanging straight over her neck. The
fact that the present coin was issued by the people of
Lamia in Thessaly, suggested to me that the person re-
presented on it must be the notorious namesake of their
city, the courtezan Lamia, and subsequent reflection has
raised that suspicion almost to the rank of a certainty.
In the naval victory won by Demetrius Poliorcetes over
Ptolemy on the coast of Cyprus, among the booty which
fell to the winner were a number of women, and among
them Lamia. She was at this time past her youth, but
her charms had not faded ; and by their aid and that of
her wit, for she was o-<j>68pa V#IKTOS /cat darner) Trpos rag
aTTOKpiVets, she so captivated young Demetrius that she
enslaved him for life. Plutarch says that Demetrius was
amatory of many women, but of Lamia alone a lover.
The two were together at Athens, and Demetrius fre-
quented the house of Lamia openly with his arms and
bearing the regal diadem. On one occasion Demetrius
levied a tax on the Athenians of 250 talents, and then at
the request of Lamia bestowed it upon her and her friends
to buy unguents. She went so far as to make requisitions
on her own account, and with the proceeds entertained
Demetrius at a banquet which equalled in splendour any
in antiquity. The degenerate Athenians, as well as the
people of Thebes, erected temples to Aphrodite Lamia,
and made sacrifices in her honour. At her own expense
she erected a fine stoa at Sicyon in Achaia.
The power of Demetrius was firmly fixed in Thessaly.
268 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Some of the ancients maintained that he raised the 250
talents above mentioned not in Athens but in Thessaly.
Even after Pyrrhus of Epirus had driven him out of
Macedon, it was to Thessaly that he retreated, and thence
he endeavoured to retrieve his fortunes. So that the
people of Lamia should be willing to go any length to
please him is not unnatural. It undoubtedly shows the
great degradation and demoralization of the times that
they should be willing to place on their coins the effigy of
a hetaira, and even to accord her the regal diadema, but
many circumstances occur to lessen our astonishment at
this unique fact.
It will be remembered that Demetrius and his father
Antigonus were the first of Greeks, with the exception of
Alexander the Great, to adopt the diadema and the kingly
title. This they did in the year B.C. 306. Three years
later Demetrius was proclaimed at Corinth rjyc^v rrjs
'EAAaSos, after which proclamation he would have a sort of
legal title to bear the diadema in Greece; as we know
from Plutarch that he did publicly bear it at Athens.
All his queens would also have the right of bearing it.
Lamia was not one of his queens ; but it should be added
that Demetrius was a man of so irregular a life that
it was hard to say who was his queen and who was not.
In B.C. 303 he married Deidameia, sister of Pyrrhus,
although he had at the time two wives living, Phila and
Eurydice, whom he had not even divorced. In B.C. 301
he further took to wife Ptolemais, daughter of Ptolemy,
who had long been promised to him. The Greek princes
were not strict monogamists. Dionysius of Syracuse, for
example, married two wives in one day. On the other
hand, Plutarch distinctly calls Lamia the ya^err? of
Demetrius : and her connection with him was a con-
tinuous one, and by no means dishonourable as the man-
NUMISMATIC REATTRIBUT1ONS. 269
ners of the time went. Athenaeus tells how, in reply to a
gibe of Lysimachus, Demetrius boasted that his Lamia
lived a better and purer life than the wife the Penelope,
as he ironically called her of Lysimachus. In another
place the same writer says that Demetrius loved Lamia
Sm/uWtos, to distraction as we should say. And if he
indulged his other favourites in " everything short of the
diadema " as we are told he did, he may, in the case of
Lamia, have exceeded even that limit. If Athens and
Thebes were not ashamed to erect temples to Lamia, the
city which bore her name might well place her head on
its coins, just as Mytilene honoured the head of Sappho
and Corinth that of Lais.
Turning to the head on the obverse of our coin, what do
we find ? The portrait, slightly idealised but admirably
executed, of a woman of a solid and noteworthy type
of beauty. She is no longer young ; the double chin and
the lines of the neck indicate an age of at least thirty
years. The features are of extreme regularity, the nose
almost more than Greek in its perfect straightness. The
massive features and thick neck indicate an extraordinary
physical development in chest and limb of the body
belonging to this head. The deep-set eye and strongly-
cut lips shew character and wit. The whole aspect of the
face is sensual, or } perhaps, rather sensuous ; not entirely
without coarseness, and yet of no low or animal type.
The hair is arranged in a perfectly novel and unconven-
tional way, 2 giving a somewhat masculine air to the head.
That the hair of a queen or a matron should be thus
arranged is, as I have already pointed out, not to be
believed for a moment. Everything corresponds with
2 We find the same arrangement in the head of a Maenad on
the gold staters of Lampsacus.
VOL. XVIII. N.S. O O
270 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
what we should have expected in a courtezan, and the
courtezan Lamia in particular.
The fashion of the hair of our heroine is the more
worthy of attention, because it was the custom of the
Hetairae, as Lucian tells us, to pay particular attention to
the adornment of their hair (ras rplxas ev0eTtou<rav ds TO
eVcupiKov). On the coins of Corinth we find a very rich
collection of fashions in hair-dressing, taken, no doubt,
from the customs of the Corinthian Hetairae of the period.
The fashion followed by Lamia seems to be, however,
quite of her own setting, and well adapted to the some-
what masculine style of her beauty.
Becker, in his Charicles, remarks that the Hetairae of
the Greeks were of quite a different class from the common
Pornai or prostitutes, and were in many cases possessed of
both wealth and wit. Their position was further im-
proved after the time of Alexander the Great, owing
partly to the general relaxation in morals which occurred
at that time, and partly to the higher consideration
bestowed thenceforth on women in general. Lamia would
enjoy special distinction in virtue not only of the qualities
she possessed, but as being the daughter of a free
Athenian citizen. Nevertheless, we cannot but regard
the presence of her effigy on coins as a very remarkable
fact, and one worthy the attention of all who undertake
the study of the ancient life of Hellas. We may add, that
the present is the only surviving instance of contemporary
portraiture of a Greek beauty who was not also a queen.
In the figure of the reverse of our coin I see an unmis-
takeable Herakles. The more usual type of the coins of
the city is Philoctetes. The change was probably made
with a purpose ; in order to introduce under the simili-
tude and with the attributes of Herakles a likeness of
NUMISMATIC REATTR1BUTIONS. 271
Demetrius himself, the handsomest of the Greeks of his
time. Of course, considering the scale of the representa-
tion, it would be absurd to look in this case for a real
portrait, but it is likely that the engraver had in his mind
a statue of young Demetrius. There is in the figure quite
the air of one who is sitting for a portrait ; and even the
head looks like a real rather than an ideal one.
Another contemporary courtezan, Glyeera, had much
the same position by favour of Harpalus that Lamia
obtained by favour of Demetrius. (See " Athenseus," xiii.
p. 586.) " After the death of Pythionica, Harpalus sent
for Glycera from Athens, who on her arrival was installed
in the palace at Tarsus, and the people had to prostrate
themselves before her and call her queen. No one was
permitted to bestow a crown on Harpalus, without
bestowing one also on Glycera. Harpalus went so far as
to put up a brazen statue of her beside his own at Rhosus."
III. ALECTRONA OR ELECTRYONA.
Diodorus Siculus 3 relates that Helios, when he visited
Rhodes, begat of the local nymph Rhodes seven sons, who
were called the Heliadse, and one daughter named Elec-
tryona. The latter, dying while yet a child, was wor-
shipped by the Rhodians as a heroine. From an inscrip-
tion found at lalysus, and recently published by Mr. C. T.
Newton in the Transactions of the Royal Society of
Literature, it appears that she possessed a temple with
sacred precinct (temenos), which no horse or other beast
of burden was allowed to enter, nor any person wearing
an article made of hog's leather. I believe that I have
found on gold and copper coins of Rhodes the head of this
heroine.
3 V. 56.
272 NUMISMATIC CHKOMCI.i:.
Obv. Female head to right, wearing radiate
necklace, and earring.
/iW. P O- MEAANT. Rose with bud.
Jf. Size, -5. Wt., 31-5 grs.
This head has hitherto been taken for that of Helios him-
self; but its female character is quite unmistakeable.
It cannot belong to the sea-nymph Rhodos, who is the
daughter of Poseidon and Halia, and has no solar cha-
racter whatever. Her head, enveloped in net or sphendone
as befitted a nymph, often appears on Rhodian coins.
But Electryona, or Alectrona as she is termed in the
lalysian inscription, is clearly a female solar deity, and
has every right to wear a radiate crown. Her name
comes from the same root as ^XCKTW/J, a name applied by
Homer to the Sun ; rjAe/o-pov, or amber, and other words
with solar reference. The story of Diodorus is clearly
the late-born offspring of a time when all the deities of
Greece were being turned into pre-historic kings and
princesses, the age of Euhemerus. We can scarcely be
wrong in supposing that Electryona, though degraded in
later times to the rank of a heroine, was in early days a
powerful sun- goddess, and a female form of the Helios of
the island of Rhodes, who was never quite identified with
the Greek Apollo. Mr. Newton well remarks that " the
strictness with which all that was unclean was debarred
from her temenos, seems to indicate a Semitic source for
the ritual." To this it may be added, that, so far as we
know, a female sun-god was foreign to the Greek mytho-
logy. Probably the Phoonicians are responsible for her
origin. PERCY GARDNER.
XII.
ON HIMYARITE AND OTHER ARABIAN IMITATIONS
OF COINS OF ATHENS.
MONSIEUR J. P. Six ("Num. Chron.," 1877, pp. 221230)
has drawn up a list of as many as forty-four different
varieties of coins which he believes, and in my judgment
with good reason, to have been issued for the most part at
the important city of Gaza, in the extreme southern
corner of Palestine.
A large majority of these silver coins are imitations of
the older Athenian money, which while Athens was
supreme upon the sea, B.C. 465 412, found its way into
Egypt, where there was no native currency, in exchange
for corn, and to Gaza in exchange for the spices of Arabia
and luxuries of various kinds from the far East.
These Athenian coins, once established as the recognised
and everywhere-acceptable currency, soon began to be
imitated by the people's among whom they had from long
use grown familiar ; more especially when the direct trade
with Athens began to languish at the conclusion of the
fifth century B.C., owing to the utter ruin (for a time) of
that city, and the general break-up of her far-reaching
dominion and influence.
Gaza, particularly, at the head of the great southern
caravan route, issued these imitations in large numbers,
274 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
and from Gaza and Petra, the wealthy capital of the
NabathaDans, they found their way along the Gulf of Ai'la
and the Red Sea as far as the land of the Saboeans.
These Sabseans, or Himyarites, were from very early
times down to the sixth century of our aera a powerful
and prosperous people, governed by their own kings and
dwelling in the most fertile district of Arabia, which faces
the Indian Ocean, and extends as far as the Persian Gulf.
The highest point, however, of their wealth and power
was attained by the Himyarite dynasty, which ruled
between the second century B.C. and the year A.D. circ.
120, and there is good reason to suppose that the accounts
which have been handed down to us of the size and mag-
nificence of their cities, and the splendour and luxury of
their royal palaces and strong places, although perhaps
somewhat exaggerated, are in the main true.
But, to return to the coins. Many of the earlier Syrian
and Arabian imitations are only to be distinguished from
their Athenian prototypes by the barbarous character of
the work, and in such cases the provenance of the coins is
the only evidence of their origin.
Of this class of unin scribed barbarous imitations Cap-
tain Burton has lately discovered a specimen at Macna,
on the Gulf of Aila. It is an ancient plated coin copied
from one of the thick Attic tetradrachms of the older
style, and therefore as early as the time of Alexander the
Great. Another coin, PI. XIII. No. 17, of the same
class, but of copper without any traces of plating, has
been kindly sent me for exhibition this evening by the
Rev. Prof. Churchill Babington. It is said to have been
found by Mr. Loftus in Babylonia, whither it may have
been conveyed either overland from Syria, or by way of
Arabia and the Persian Gulf ; the latter being the most
HIMYARITE IMITATIONS OF ATHENIAN COINS. 275
probable route, as it is the prototype of a series of small
coins, PL XIII. Nos. 18 22, subsequently current in the
region about the Gulf of Aila, which I shall refer to
presently.
Of about the same period, or perhaps a little earlier,
are two silver coins, weighing each 82 grains, in the
British Museum, which were found at Marib near Aden,
and three others in Colonel Prideaux's collection. These
are of the usual Athenian types, but of more careful
execution, and bear the Himyaritic letter /Y on the cheek
of the goddess on the obverse ; one of them has also
Himyarite letters on the reverse, among which ^ m ^y be
distinguished, PI. XIII. Nos. 1 and 2. A third, from
Bagdad, has the inscription (tobsb) in the Aramaic
character. Somewhat later perhaps, but not long after
Alexander's time, is a small silver coin weighing 23
grains, PL XIII. No. 3, procured some years ago at Aden
by Colonel Prideaux, and by him presented to the British
Museum. On the obverse is a head which resembles that
of a young man, but which is more probably only that
of Athena somewhat obliterated ; and on the reverse
is the Athenian owl and the Himyaritic inscriptions
H ^T f hV and [#| y, the meaning of which I have not
been able to make out even with the assistance of Colonel
Prideaux's Himyaritic alphabet and learned grammar of
the Sabsean language published in the Transactions of the
Society of Biblical Archaeology, vols. ii. and v.
A very remarkable fact in regard to these Arab imita-
tions is the persistency with which the Athenian owl is
clung to as the distinctive characteristic of the currency,
even down to comparatively late times, as I shall pre-
sently show.
All the coins I have hitherto described are of the thick
276 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
fabric which marks an early period, but those which I am
now about to notice, PL XIII. Nos. 4 16, are of an entirely
different character, although the owl is still retained as
the type of the reverse. But before I describe them I
will endeavour, in as few words as possible, to explain how
it came about that the Athenian coinage could influence
that of the Arabs for so long a period, for the presence of
the amphora, on which the owl is seated, is a proof that
these coins are copied from the later Athenian money.
About the year B.C. 196, and again afterwards in 168,
the dominions of Athens received large additions at the
hands of the Romans (Herzberg. Gesch. Gr. I. 312, 313),
among which the island of Delos proved to be of the very
greatest value. This island was made a Roman free port,
B.C. 167, under Athenian administration, and after the
fall of Rhodes and the destruction of Corinth, B.C. 146,
attained to a height of commercial importance, as a
centre for the trade with the East, hitherto unequalled by
any city of Greece. (Strabo x. 5, 744.) The market at
Delos, which resembled a huge fair, was frequented in
crowds by rich merchants from Tyre 1 and the other cities
of the Phoenician coast, who drove a brisk trade at this
convenient station midway between Italy and Greece on
the one side, and Asia on the other.
Athens, as the administrator of the island, of course
supplied the necessary currency, and thus the new flat
tetradrachms, first issued about 196 B.C., found their way
into the money-bags of the wealthy Tyrian merchants,
and through them to the ports on the coast of Phoenicia
1 There was a guild of Phoenician merchants and ship-owners
at Delos, under the protection of the Tyrian Herakles. Its
name was TO KOWOV r&v Tv/oi'on/ e/x-n-opwv KOL vavKXyptDv (Boeckh.,
" C. I. G.," ii. 2271).
HIMYARITE IMITATIONS OF ATHENIAN COINS. 277
and Palestine, among which, as we have already seen,
Gaza was from ancient times one of the most important.
This city had been more than once destroyed and again
rebuilt, as is almost always the case where nature marks
out a site as indispensable for the commercial intercourse
of nations. To Gaza the spices of South Arabia, the gold,
precious stones, ivory, sandal-wood, and woollen goods
from India arrived through the land of the Sabeeans, and
by way of the Red Sea and the great southern caravan
route across the territory of the Nabathaeans ; and in ex-
change the caravans brought back, among other products
of Greece and the West, large quantities of good silver
money in the shape of Athenian tetradrachms from the
great central world -fair of Delos, where, as we learn from
Strabo (xiv. 5, 2), among other goods, as many as ten
thousand slaves for the Roman market were sometimes
disembarked in the morning, and all sold before the even-
ing. In fact, Delos was, according to Festus, " maximum
emporium totius orbis terrarum."
From about B.C. 146, the date of the destruction of
Corinth, down to about B.C. 88, when Delos was devastated
by Menophanes, one of the admirals of Mithradates, 2 a
calamity from which the island never recovered, the issue
of these tetradrachms at Athens must have been on an
enormous scale. Two years afterwards, B.C. 86, Athens
herself was besieged and taken by Sulla, and the issue
of silver money there, if not altogether prohibited, as
Mommsen conjectures, was certainly much restricted.
The names of the magistrates hitherto inscribed upon
them in full were, as some think, at this time superseded
by monograms, and the weight of the coin was slightly
2 Pausauias, iii. 23.
VOL. XVIII. N.S. P P
278 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
reduced. These pieces nevertheless continued to be finished
with considerable care, many specimens excelling in beauty
of execution those of the flourishing time before B.C. 86.
These, then, supposing them to have been the latest
Athenian issue, were the last coins of Athens which
could have found their way into the land of the Sabseans ;
and when some years later they also failed, the Kings of
Yemen and Hadhramaut, then at the height of their
power and glory, were thrown upon their own resources
for current coin, and just as, after the fall of the Athenian
supremacy in B.C. 412, the scarcity of genuine Athenian
money gave rise to the Eastern imitations of the thick
coins of the old style which I have already noticed, so
now, when Athens again ceased to coin on a large scale,
in B.C. 86, a second series of Arab imitations makes its
appearance, though this time the prototype is the flat
coinage of the later Athenian issues.
I have brought for exhibition this evening the follow-
ing varieties, which, with the exception of the gold piece,
all came from a find at San'a, which consisted of about
three hundred coins in all :
CLASS I.
1. Obv. Head to right, laureate, beardless, the hair arranged
in stiff corkscrew curls ; the whole within a
wreath of laurel.
Rev. Owl with closed wings standing, right, on amphora ;
above its head, ^ ; in field, left \ , right,/; the
whole in border of reels and beads.
N. Size -6 inch. Wt. 38'4 grs. PL XIII.
No. 4.
CLASS II.
2. Obv. Similar.
Rev. h 2 C T hVh^. Owl with closed wings standing,
HIMYAR1TE IMITATIONS OF ATHENIAN COINS. 279
right, on amphora; in front <0E, and object re-
sembling cornucopiae ; in field, right, J^V '> border
of reels and beads. JR. 1-05 inch.
15 drachms, weighing, when uninjured, 84 to
86 grs. (PL XIII. 5), and 2 half-drachms weighing
each 40 grs. On three specimens the reverse
inscription is written thus, /f
PL XIII. 6.
3. Obv. Similar, but head to left.
Rev. Similar.
1 drachm, weighing 84 grs.
CLASS III.
4. Qbv. Similar to No. 1.
Rev. Owl on amphora ; in front object resembling cornu-
copiae ; on either side monograms DEI and iL.
14 drachms 84 to 86 grs.; PL XIII. 7.
4 half-drachms 42 to 44 grs ; PL XIII. 8.
CLASS IV.
5. Obv. Similar ; the head on some specimens surmounted
by a crescent containing a dot w (PL XIII. 9).
t 9
Rev. Similar, but with monograms Q and i .
1 drachm broken. 6 half-drachms, weighing
from 41 to 45 grs. PL XIII. 9, 10. On one
specimen the letter is wanting.
CLASS V.
6. Obv. Similar ; head to left.
Rev. Similar, but monograms^] and j.
1 drachm, weighing 85 grs. PL XIII. 11.
280 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
CLASS VI.
7. Obv. Head of Augustus, diademed and laureate, right ;
behind \J ; the whole in wreath of laurel.
Rev. Similar, but with monograms /. and JT ,
9 drachms, weighing 82 to 86 grs. ; PL XIII.
12, 13. 3 half-drachms without letter ^on obv. ;
wt. 41 to 43 grs. ; PI. XIII. 15. 2 quarter-
drachms ; wt. 20-05 grs. ; PL XIII. 16.
8. Obc. Similar ; head to left ; behind on one specimen
!(?).
P 1 1 1
Rev. Similar, but with monograms t& and .
2 half-drachms ; wt. 43 and 44 grains.
CLASS VII.
9. Obv. Head of Augustus, diademed and laureate, right ;
behind V| ; the whole in wreath of laurel.
Rev. Similar, but with monograms )| and
1 drachm, 84 grs. ; PL XIII. 14.
The interpretation of the inscriptions and monograms
on this interesting series of coins I leave to Colonel Pri-
deaux, who is, I believe, now at work upon them. Of one
thing I am strongly persuaded, that sooner or later they
will be made out, in spite of the dissimilarity of some of
the characters to those which have hitherto come to light.
It is perfectly conceivable that there may have been, and
in my opinion highly probable that there were, two modes
of writing, the one more careful and stately, used for
inscriptions, and the other for documents of less import-
ance, and for ordinary transactions.
Another point which I have not yet touched upon, but
which must not be passed over in silence, is the standard
HIMYARITE IMITATIONS OF ATHENIAN COINS. 281
according to which these coins are accurately regulated.
We might reasonably have expected that in weight, no less
than in type, the coins of Athens would have been fol-
lowed : but this is not the case, for the weight of the
drachm (about 84 grains), which is maintained from the
time of the earliest coins, about B.C. 400, down to the
time of Augustus, is identical with that of the Persian
siglos, which was abolished by Alexander the Great.
The gold coin apparently follows the same standard. It
is, therefore, almost certain that the Himyarites derived
their standard for weighing silver from Babylon by way
of the Persian Gulf, using it also for gold. The Perso-
Babylonic silver mina of 8,645 grains (= 100 sigli of the
normal weight of 86*45 grains) is thus proved to have
remained in use, at any rate in South Arabia, for three
centuries at least after Alexander had substituted for it
the Attic standard throughout his Eastern dominions.
Of the above seven classes, the gold coin, which I have
called Class L, PL XIII. No. 4, connects itself by the
monogram \ with the pieces of an earlier period. The
coins of Class II., PL XIII. Nos. 5 and 6, also bear an
inscription which is identical with that which has been
already described on a little silver coin of an earlier age,
PL XIII. No. 3. If, therefore, it contains a king's name,
there must have been an earlier monarch with the same
name.
The obverses of Classes I. V., PL XIII. Nos. 411,
have a head, probably of a god, which reminds us of that
of Apollo on the latest coins of Lycia, which are contem-
porary with the late Athenian tetradrachms, but I do not
assert that it is imitated frown them. The arrangement
of the hair on these heads may also be compared with
that of the Sphinxes which are represented above one of
282 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the Himyaritic inscriptions in the British Museum. (Cata-
logue of Himyarite Inscriptions, pi. iii. No. 4.)
The reverses of all seven classes are imitated from
Athenian tetradrachms of a late period : whether or no
from those with monograms is doubtful, but cf. Beule,
serie ix., which have a cornucopias in the field. The object
resembling a cornucopise on the Himyarite coins is, how-
ever, perhaps only a scroll or flourish, such as often occurs
at the beginning of a phrase in Himyaritic inscriptions.
The border of reels and beads is taken, not from coins
of Athens, but from Syrian tetradrachms of the same
period. The word <0E occurs only in Class II., perhaps
the earliest of the seven. This manner of writing all
three letters together, instead of A E across both fields
of the coin, as on the late coins of Athens, was customary
on the coins of the old style. Cf. PL XIII. No. 1, and is
here retained.
Class VI., PL XIII. No. 12 sqq., exchanges the head with
ringlets for that of Augustus, a most valuable indication
of date, proving this class to have been issued during, or
soon after, the reign of that emperor. The famous expe-
dition of ^Elius Gallus into Arabia in B.C. 24 may have
occasioned this change of type ; or the direct commercial
intercourse between the East and Puteoli, the Italian
"little Delos," which superseded Delos in the trade in
Oriental luxuries after the devastation of that island by
Mithradates, may have brought Roman coins more and
more into use in Arabia and India. 3
3 Puteoli was the port at which the goods from the Delian
market destined for Italy were disembarked. Hence Lucilius,
who died about 103 B.C., calls it Delus Minor :
" Inde Dicaearchum populos, Delumque minorem."
Sat. iii. 3.
HIMYARITE IMITATIONS OF ATHENIAN COINS. 283
Class VII., PI. XIII. No. 14, combines the head of
Augustus with the monograms which distinguish Class III.
In spite of this change in the type of the obverse, the old
owl of Athena continues in Classes VI. and VII. to occupy
the place of honour on the reverse.
How persistently the Arabs, not only in Yemen and
Hadhramaut, but also in the north, clung to this type is
also exemplified by a find of small copper coins, which
Captain Burton has been fortunate enough to light upon
during his recent explorations in the land of Midian at
Macna, on the Gulf of Aila. (PI. XIII. 18 sqq.)
On one side of these little pieces Mr. Evans was the
first to see an eye, 4 the last remaining, as being the most
striking, feature of the head of Athena, and on the reverse
the owl, sometimes quite distinct, and sometimes in the last
stage of decomposition, nothing but the two staring eyes
and a few feathers remaining. Professor Babington's
coin, PI. XIII. No. 17, supplies a link in the chain of
imitations between these little pieces and their original
prototypes. PI. XIII. No. 18, especially, preserves the
characteristic features of the prototype, the profile in this
specimen being quite distinct.
The date of these coins is not difficult to fix, if we may
judge by the fabric, which is identical with that of the
small copper coins struck in Judaea during the last
century before the Christian sera, and for some time
afterwards.
Among them, and at first sight hardly to be distin-
guished from the rest, I have found coins struck by
the Maccabaaan princes, Alexander Jannaeus and Alex-
ander II., a coin of Herod Archelaus, and several coins
4 The obverse side of No. 22 on the Plate has been by an
oversight placed upside down.
284 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
of Tiberius, one struck in A.D. 30 by Pontius Pilate, also a
few coins of the Nabathaean king, Aretas II., B.C. 7 to
A.D. 40.
I think it may, therefore, be assumed that these barbarous
little copper pieces with the owl were current in the
northern districts of Arabia at the same time as the gold
and later silver owl-money of the country ruled by the
Himyarite kings in the south, and that for a space of four
hundred years, or thereabouts, imitations of the coins of
Athens, at first of the ancient, and later on of the new
style, were from time to time fabricated in Arabia.
BARCLAY V. HEAD.
XIII.
THE PORTCULLIS GROAT OF HENRY VII.
I HAVE the pleasure of exhibiting this evening one of
the rarest coins of the English series, the Portcullis groat
of Henry VII. The only other specimen with which I
am acquainted is that engraved in Ruding, Supplement,
Plate XVI., Number 16, and cited by Hawkins, Kenyon's
edition, page 267. From this coin, which is now in the
British Museum, my example seems to differ in one or
two minor particulars. The coin may be thus described :
GETS y Rax ATYRGL y S '
Full-faced bust of the king, with a crown showing
four arches ; on either side of the neck a small qua-
trefoil or cross. The whole within a double tressure
of ten arches ; the two upper ones omitted to make
room for the crown, the cross at the top of which oc-
cupies the place of mint-mark.
DIVTOE ecAmavmy. Mm.,
fleur de lis. On inner circle CCIVI TftS LOR DOR.
Cross as usual, but in centre a portcullis of five pales
and four rails, with round linked chain on either side.
Weight, 45 gr.
On the Museum coin the crosses at the side of the neck
are almost invisible, though they can just be traced.
From the careful manner in which this piece has been
struck and from the extreme rarity of this variety of the
VOL. XVIII. N.S. Q Q
286 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
groat, it appears doubtful whether it should not be re-
garded as a pattern-piece rather than as a coin intended
for actual currency. The type is that of the second coin-
age of Henry (Hawkins, No. 371) ; but the date of the
first issue of this type is uncertain. The weight is about
the same as that of the ordinary groats of the second coin-
age of Henry VII.
The prominent manner in which the portcullis, the well-
known and favourite badge of Henry VII., is brought
forward on this coin renders it of considerable interest ;
and it may not be amiss to say a few words with regard
to this device, which appears so frequently among the
decorations of the Chapel of Henry VII. at Westminster.
It also appears upon his tomb with the motto ALTERA
SECTJRITAS, and it will be remembered that the same port-
cullis and the same motto appear on the reverse of the
rare medal of Henry VIII. engraved by Evelyn (page
87), and in the Medallic History of England (Plate IV. 2).
With regard to the badge upon the tomb of Henry VII.
Sandford 1 observes " His monument is also adorned with
the Portcullis in respect of his descent (by his mother)
from the Beaufort*, to which he added the motto ALTERA
SECURITAS, its probable meaning thereby that as the Port-
cullis was an additional security to the Gate, so his
descent from his mother strengthened his other titles.
From this devise he also instituted another Pursuivant
named Portcullis."
The Portcullis then was the badge of the Beaufort family,
and the adoption of this device may be thus explained.
John of Gaunt, fourth son of Edward III., having in the
first instance married Blanche of Lancaster, his eldest son
1 " Geneal. Hist.," p. 464.
THE PORTCULLIS GROAT OF HENRY VII. 287
by whom became afterwards Henry IV., took after her
death Constance of Castille as his second wife, by whom
he had only one child. Two years after the death of his
second wife, he in 1396 scandalized the whole of his rela-
tions and the court of Richard II. by taking as his third
wife Dame Katherine Swynford, of whose antecedents it
will be well to give some short account. She was the
daughter of Sir Payn Roet, who had been in the service of
Queen Philippa of Hainault. He was subsequently herald
to the Duke of Lancaster, and resided at Beaufort 2 in
Anjou, about sixteen miles from Angers, the castle of
which place belonged to John of Gaunt. She married Sir
Otes Swynford, Knight, being of the household of the
Duchess Blanche of Lancaster, and managed to ingratiate
herself to such an extent with the Duke, that during the
lifetime of his first and second wives Blanche of Lan-
caster and Constance of Castille, she was appointed " Guar-
dianess " to his daughters, the ladies Philippa and Eliza-
beth, during their minority. For this " bone et greable
Service quelle nostre treschier and bien amee Dame Kathe-
rine Swynford, Maistresse de nos tresames filles," rendered
to him and his daughters, John of Gaunt gave her the
wardship of Bertram de Sanneby's heir, and subsequently,
on September 7th, 1381, granted her an annuity of 200
marks payable out of his honour of Tickhill.
But not only was Katherine governess to two of the
Duke of Lancaster's children, but, as Sandford says, as a
result of his often visiting the nursery she became the
mother of four more, John, Henry, Thomas, and Joan, all
surnamed Beaufort, from the place of their birth, a castle
which had come to the house of Lancaster through
2 Sandford's " Geneal. Hist.," p. 253.
288 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Blanche of Artois, Queen of Navarre, wife of Edmund
the first Earl of Lancaster. There is little doubt of
Katherine's husband as well as one or other of John of
Gaunt's wives having been living at the time when these
children were born, so that Richard III. may perhaps be
pardoned for having in one of his Proclamations stigma-
tized Henry of Richmond's ancestors, the Beauforts, as
having been born in double advouterie.
Still, after the death of Constance of Castille, John of
Gaunt did all that lay in his power to re-establish the
reputation of Katherine Swynford by marriage, she being
then a widow ; for after staying with Richard II. at King's
Langley, he " rode to Lyncolle where Kateryne Swyn-
forde's abyding was as at that tyme. And after the utas
(octaves) of XII day the duke wedded the seyde Kateryne ;
the wheche weddyng caused inony a monnus wonderyng
for, as hit was seyde, he haad holde heere longe before." 3
The wedding took place in 1396, and the Duke's family
were not a little scandalized at the event. 4 Froissart says,
when this marriage was announced to the ladies of high
rank in England, such as the Duchess of Gloucester (John
of Gaunt's sister-in-law), the Countess of Derby (his
daughter-in-law), the Countess of Arundel and others
connected with the royal family, they were greatly
shocked and thought the Duke much to blame. They
said, " he had sadly disgraced himself by thus marrying
his concubine ; " and added that " since it was so, she
would be the second lady in the kingdom, and the queen
would be dishonourably accompanied by her ; but that for
their parts they would leave her to do the honours alone,
for they would never enter any place where she was.
3 " An English Chronicle," Camden Soc., 1855, p. 114.
4 Book iv. chap. 73.
THE PORTCULLIS GROAT OF HENRY VII. 289
They themselves would be disgraced if they suffered such
a base-born duchess, who had been the duke's concubine
a long time before and during his marriages, to take pre-
cedence, and their hearts would burst with grief were it
to happen." However, as Froissart goes on to say,
" Catherine Rouet remained Duchess of Lancaster and
second lady in England as long as she lived. She was a
lady accustomed to honours, for she had been brought up
at court during her youth."
Katherine died on May 10th, 1403, having seen her
children legitimated by Act of Parliament in February,
1397. She was buried in Lincoln Cathedral, the scene of
her second wedding, where also her daughter, Joan,
Countess of Westmoreland, was interred but a few years
afterwards. It is needless to trace the history of her sons,
but it may be observed that the coats of arms which they
had hitherto borne were then changed on their legitimation,
and they assumed France and England quarterly within a
bordure gobony argent and azure. Their badge of the
portcullis was, as Willement 5 observes, evidently the type
of the castle of Beaufort, the place of their nativity and
from which they derived their surname.
To return to Henry VII., whose mother Margaret
was the granddaughter of John, Katherine's eldest son.
Although the portcullis seems to have been one of his
favourite badges, it is rather remarkable that it does not
occur as the mint-mark or type on any of his coins with
the exception of this groat. On those of his successors
the case is different. Not only is it a frequent mint-mark
with Henry VIII., but it was in use also under Elizabeth
and Charles I. On the gold sovereigns and other pieces
5 " Regal Heraldry," p. 85.
290 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
of the sovereign type it occupies a distinguished place
beneath the feet of each monarch from Henry VIII. to
James I. inclusive, while on many of the smaller silver
coins it forms the principal type of the obverse, in the
reigns of Henry VIII., Edward VI., Elizabeth and
James I.
Under Elizabeth we find it used as a countermark for
the testoons of Edward VI., which were valued at 4%d. t
while the greyhound was reserved for those worth only
2%d. ; and about 1600, when Elizabeth was induced to
strike a coinage for the use of the East India Company,
the portcullis was adopted as the type of the reverse.
In more modern times we still find it surviving as the
badge of the Exchequer Office, and as the principal
charge in the arms of the City of Westminster and of
the Borough of Harwich.
JOHN EVANS.
XIY.
NOTES TOWARDS A METALLIC HISTORY OF
SCOTLAND.
No. III.
MEDALS OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF GREAT BRITAIN SPECIALLY
RELATING TO SCOTLAND.
NONE of the medals of James VI. struck after his accession
to the throne of England bear any special reference to
Scotland or Scottish events.
In the reign of his successor, the first to be specially
noted is the Coronation Medal for Scotland :
CHARLES I.
1.(a)Obv. The king's head crowned to the left; the bust
adorned with the orders of the Thistle and
Garter.
CAROLVS D : G SCOTLffi ANGLL2E FR -
ET HIB R
Rev. A thistle growing.
HINC NOSTR^ CREYERE ROS.E .
In exergue CORON 18 JVNII
1633 -B-
292 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Round the edge EX AVRO VT IN SCOTIA
REPERITVR BRIOT FECIT EDINBVRGI
1633
Metal, Jf. M. Size, 1-&- inch. = 28'5 m -
Artist, Nicolas Briot. Cabinets, M3., Hunterian.
Jt is said that only three of these were struck in gold. 1
One of these is recorded as " being much worn in his
Majesty's (Charles I.) pocket/' 2
Some specimens were struck in silver, with the legend
round the edge unaltered. One of these is in the Cab.
des Medailles in Paris, and another in my own collection.
(b) The common variety is as follows :
Obv. The king's head crowned to left, but a different die
from the preceding.
CAROLYS D : G SCOTUE ANGLIC FR
ET HIB REX
It will be observed that the legend also differs in read-
ing REX instead of R.
fiev. A thistle growing ; with legends as in (a).
This also occurs in silver.
In Sir James Balfour's account of the coronation of
Charles I. it is recorded 3 that immediately after the
ceremony " the pices of gold and silver coyned for that
purpois wes flunge all the way as he went, by the
Bischope of Murray, almoner for the tyme, among the
people." The medal is figured by Pinkerton in his
" Medallic History," Plate XV., Fig. 19, and described in
the same work (p. 44) and also in the " Essay on Medals,"
1 Pinkerton's Essay, vol. ii. p. 148.
2 Harl. MSS. Brit. M. Lib. 4718, f. 28.
3 "Historical Works" (1825), vol. iv. p. 403.
NOTES TOWARDS A METALLIC HISTORY OF SCOTLAND. 293
(1808), vol. ii. p. 147, and in Till's "Essay on English
Coronation Medals" (1846), p. 13. The next medals of
this reign belonging to Scotland were struck in 1639, and
relate to the royal advance to the North 'against the
Covenanters.
2. (a) Obv. The king on horseback to the left, trampling on
arms and armour.
CAEOLVS D : Q MAG BEIT : FEAN : ET
HIB EEX
(Legend commencing at the bottom.)
In exergue 1639
Rev. A hand issuing from the clouds holding up a rose
and thistle by a twisted rope.
C3 QVOS r3 DEVS cD
Metal, Jf. M. Size, 1H inch.=32 m -
Artist, T. Simon. Cabinets, common.
[Figured in Pinkerton's " Medallic History,"
PI. XVI., fig. 11, but without showing the twist-
ing of the rope.]
(b) Another variety of this medal is smaller in size ;
has no date on the obverse ; a fleur-de-lis mark in the
legend, and the rope on the reverse does not show the
twisting.
Obv, As the preceding.
Legend as above, but commencing at the top with
fleur-de-lis, and with no inner circle on obverse
or reverse.
Rev. As the preceding, but the rope not twisted.
Metal, M. Size, 1-fo inch.=27 m -
Artist, T. Simon. Cabinets, common.
[Figured in Pink., Med. Hist.," PL XVI. f. 8.]
VOL. XVIII. N.S. R R
294 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
(c) Another variety has the obverse legend commencing
at the top after a fleur-de-lis ; no exergue.
Rev. Same die as (a).
S within shoulder of cuirass on ground.
Size, 1-B inch.=32 m Metal, N. JR.
Artist, T. Simon. Cabinet, IkB.
(d) Another variety, similar obverse, but the king
wears no scarf over the armour. Reverse different die ;
no S on armour.
Size, 1H inch.=32 m - Metal, N. JR.
Artist, T. Simon. Cabinet, AB.
(e) A variety of (b] has T. S. in the shoulder of cuirass
on the ground. MJ.
CHARLES II.
The coronation of Charles II. at Scone in 1651 was
celebrated by a medal which is now far from common. It
is of inferior work to the coronation medal of his father.
8. Obv. The king's head crowned to the right, wearing the
collars of the Thistle and Garter.
CAEOLVS 2 D G SCO ANG FEA & HI
EEX PI DE cor i ia scon 1651
Rev. A lion supporting a three-headed thistle.
NEMO ME IMPVNE LACESSET
Metal, N. JR. Size, !& inch. = 81 m -
Artist, unknown. Cabinets, M3, &c.
[Figured in Pinkerton's " Medallic Hist.," PL
XXVI. No. 3, and described p. 77. See also
Till's " Coronation Medals," p. 27.]
NOTES TOWARDS A METALLIC HISTORY OF SCOTLAND. 295
JAMES II.
The only medal of this unfortunate monarch which
seems to have any reference to his northern dominions,
bears on the
(4.) Obv. The king's head to the right, wreathed with laurel.
JACOBUS II D G MAG BEI FRAN
ET HIB EEX. A small star below the bust.
Rev. A crowned lion lying down with sceptre and mond.
NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSET
In the exergue MDCLXXXV.
Metal, M. Size, 1& inch. = 49 m -
Artist, J. Smeltzing. Cabinets, M3 and author.
[Figured by Pinkerton, "Med. Hist.," PI.
XXXVII. fig. 5 ; Van Loon, vol. iii. p. 303.]
This very rare medal is said by Hawkins to have been
struck at the opening of the Scottish Parliament in April,
1685.
ANNE.
1. MEDALS ON THE UNION WITH SCOTLAND, 1707.
() Obv. The queen's bust crowned to left, with collar and
star of the Garter.
ANNA D : & MAG : BEI : FE : ET HIB .
EEG : i.e. below bust.
Eev. The lion and unicorn supporting an altar with A.R.
twice in monogram, surmounted by the union
arms of Great Britain.
MALI -I- MDCCVIL
Metal, N. M. M. Size, f inch.=47 m -
Artist, J. Croker. Cabinets, common.
(b) The same type and legends, but one inch in diameter
and wanting the artist's initials.
296 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
There are two varieties of this. One has a loose cloak
fastened at shoulder and falling in front and behind. The
second has it falling behind only. See Koarnlein's " Thes.
Numis." (Nov. 1711), p. 677.
2. MEDALS ON THE FRENCH ATTEMPT TO LAND IN
SCOTLAND, 1708.
(a) Ofo. The queen's bust to left (^ below it).
ANNA D G MAG BR FR ET HIB -
EEGINA
Rev. The French fleet pursued by the English : SCOTIA
named and represented in the background.
FVGERE NON FALLERE TRIVMPHANS
(See Hor. Lib. iv. Od. 4, v. 52.)
In exergue
GALLORVM CONATVS IN SCO-
TIAM ANNAE M VIGI-
LANTIA ELVSI
CIolQCCIIX
Round the edge the following legend
c3 SIC PVERI NASVM RHINOCEROTIS
HABENT.
Metal, M. Size, 1^ - inch.=41 m -
Artist, Croker. Cabinets, common.
[Figured by Van Loon, vol. v. p. 100. See
also Kosrnlein, "Thes. Numis.," p. 772.]
The inscriptions on the edge of this and several other
medals on this event seem to have escaped Van Loon's
attention.
(b) Obv. The queen's bust, crowned with laurel.
ANNA D G MAGN : BRIT : FRANC : ET
HIB : REGINA
(S below bust.)
NOTES TOWARDS A METALLIC HISTORY OF SCOTLAND. 297
Rev. The sceptre, with a rose and thistle twining up it,
surmounted by an eye ; on the one side the
capture of the Salisbury is represented ; on the
other, prisoners being conducted to the Tower.
QVIS NOS IMPVNE LACESSET TJNITAS
In the exergue
IRRITO SPUEII IACOBI REDITU
IN SCOTOS CLASSE GALLICA
EXTERNATA .
MDCCVIII.
Metal, M. Size, lf inch.=47'5 m -
Artist, Smeltzing. Cabinets, M3 and author.
[Van Loon, vol. iv. p. 100 ; Rapin, PI. V. fig. 4.]
(c) Obv. The queen's bust crowned to the left.
ANNA D G MAG ET VNIT^E 4 BRIT7S 5
FRA ET HIB REGINA
(CW below bust).
Rev.
QVOD
DEVS ET REGES
LEGITIMI
HENRICVS ROSIS
IACOBVS NOMINIBVS
ANNA REGNIS
CONIVNXERVNT
LVDOVICVS XIV - GALL REX
PRINCIPE SVPPOSITIO
SEPARARE . AVSVS
EST
D XXIV MART
MDCCVHI
[Figured in Van Loon, vol. v. p. 100, who
omits the artist's initials. So also Kapin, PI. V.
fig. 5, who copies Van Loon's errors in every case.]
Edtje ANNA TER!T PELAGO pnVI ! GRANDEM CLASSE
BRlxANNA.
Metal, M. Sine, 1-jV inch.
Artist, Christian Wermuth.
Cabinets, M5 (from Bank Collection).
4 Sic in Van Loon, but UNITES on the medal.
5 S/c in Van Loon.
298 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
(rf) Obv. The same bust and legends as the obverse of (c) ;
but in Van Loon's plate U in the UNIT^E of the
legend is given correctly. C.W. also appears
below the bust.
Rev. Wisdom enthroned amidst the clouds, holding a
sceptre in the right hand and a closed book in
the left.
INITIVM SAPIENTL3E EST TIMOE DOMINI
PS CXI
Metal, M. Size, l-^- inch.
Artist, Christian Wermuth. Cabinets, rare.
[Figured in Van Loon, vol. 5, p. 100, and
Rapin, PI. V. fig. 6.]
I have not seen an example of this medal, but in all
probability there is a legend round the edge, as on the
preceding one, by the same artist.
5. Ob Vt The same head and legend, with CW below the
bust.
Rev.
HENEICVS
EOSAS
IACOBVS NOMINA
ANNA EEGNA
VNIVIT MDCCVII
CONFIEMAVITQ
FACTA IEEITA
LVD XIV GALL EEG
CONSPIEATIONE
PEP PE SVPP
IACOB DE WALLIS
MDCCVIII
I-G-I-
Metal, M. Size, 1-iV inch.
Artist, Christian Wermuth. Cabinets, rare.
[Figured by Van Loon, vol. v. p. 103, and
Rapin, PI. V. fig. 9.]
6. Obv. The queen's bust to left uncrowned.
ANNA D : G : MAG : BEI : FEA : ET HIB :
EEG : (i c below.)
NOTES TOWARDS A METALLIC HISTORY OF SCOTLAND. 299
Rev. An armed female figure protecting another, repre-
senting Scotland, alarmed at the French invasion;
French fleet in the distance.
CLASSE GALL FVG
In exergue
AD FEETVM EDENBVRG
XIV MAETII
MDCCVIII
In right-hand corner, S. B.
Metal, JR. and M. Size, l-ft- inch.=41 m -
Artist, J. Croker and S. B. (?)
Cabinets, MS and author.
[See Van Loon, v. p. 103, and Rapin, PI. V.
fig. 10.]
7. Obv. The queen's head crowned to the left.
ANNA DEI GEA : MAG : BE : PEA : ET
HIB : EEGINA
Rev.
ANNA EN HMC ILLA EST
GALLOS DEPONEEE FASTVM
QV^ DOCET ILLA TWM EST
TEEEA BEITANNA IVBAE !
AVGVSTIS MAIOE PEOAVIS TOT
EEGIBVS ANTE
PEYSTEA TENTATVM QV-ffl
SVPEEAVIT OPVS
FATALEM VALVIT MACEDO VI
SOLVEEE NODVM
AETIBVS AT PLACIDIS H^EC
DVO EEGNA LIGAT
Metal, Size, 1^ inch.=41 m -
Artist, Cabinets,
[Figured by Van Loon, vol. v. p. 103, and
Rapin, PL V., fig. 11 ; but as I have never seen
an example of this medal I am unable to give
any further particulars.]
8. Obv. The same type and legend as the immediately pre-
ceding.
300 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Rev. Bellona with a trident in her hand, seated in a car
drawn by horses, pursues monsters half human,
half fish, with fleur-de-lis on their heads.
MIHI SORTE DATVM
In exergue
MATVRATE FVGAM REGIQVE
ELEC DICITE VESTED
NON ILLI IMPERIVM
PELAGI
1708.
The legend is taken from Virgil, ^2. lib. i., ver.
241-243.
Metal, Size,
Artist, Cabinets,
[Figured by Van Loon, vol. v. p. 103, and
Rapin, PL V. fig. 12.]
I am unable to give any particulars about this medal,
not having seen any example of it.
9. Obv. Bust of the queen to left, laureated and with neck-
lace.
ANNA D : G : MAG : BR : FRA : ET . HIB :
REGINA
(An exceedingly small M3 on the folds of the
drapery.)
Rev. An ass about to eat a thistle is repelled by a female
figure holding out to it a rose to smell.
INIMICVS ODOR APPETITV FORTIOR
In exergue
GALLI SCOTIAM AGGRESSVRI
SOLO ANGLORVM ASPEC :
TV FVGANTVR
1708
Round the edge
* INFELIX OPERAM PERDAS VT SI QVIS
ASELLVM IN CAMPVM DOCEAT HOR :
SERM , L . 1 .
NOTES TOWARDS A METALLIC HISTORY OP SCOTLAND. 301
Metal, M. Size, lf$ inch.=43 m -
Artist, Martin Brunner (?). Cabinets, common.
[Figured by Van Loon, vol. 5, p. 100, and
Rapin, PI. V. fig. 7.]
I am very much indebted to Mr. C. F. Keary for going
over the foregoing papers on the " Metallic History of
Scotland/' and giving me the details of such pieces as
were in the Museum collection. It is highly likely that
some of the medals figured in Yan Loon noted above,
have inscriptions on the edge which are omitted in his
work. There is also a good deal to be discovered yet
regarding the artists of the various medals. Any infor-
mation on these points, or regarding any medals omitted
from the present series, will be gladly acknowledged by
the author.
R. W. COCHRAN-PATRICK.
WOODSIDE, BEITH, N.B.,
February, 1878.
VOL. XVIII. N.S. S S
NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.
Die Nachfolger Alexanders des Grogsen in Baktrien und Indien.
I. Historische Uebersicht. Berlin, 1878.
Dr. von Sallet's work does not pretend to much originality, or
to be an exhaustive treatise on the subject of the Baetrian kings.
He only attempts as a sound and critical numismatist to put
together what is known for certain about them from history and
the testimony of coins. He is quite aware that for a complete
mastery of the subject two qualifications are required a know-
ledge of Sanskrit and an accurate acquaintance with the habitat
(so to speak), or the find-spots of each class of coin. Fora modest
work of this character there is more scope in Germany, where,
since Lassen, little of importance as to the Greek kings of
the far East has appeared, than in England, which possesses
already the works of Wilson, Prinsep, and Cunningham. We
cannot refrain from expressing, in passing, the wish that the
last-mentioned writer would republish for a larger public the
remarkable papers on the coins of the successors of Alexander
the Great, which are as yet the exclusive possession of the
members of the Numismatic Society.
In his first part Dr. von Sallet treats of the historical data for
a history of the Greek kings of the far East which are fur-
nished both by ancient writers and extant monuments. His
task consists of little more than a critical arrangement of
existing materials. But the introduction of severe criticism,
combined with a somewhat sceptical tendency, into the field of
Baetrian numismatics, has had in many respects a revolutionary
result. We will postpone, until the remainder of Dr. von
Sallet's work appears, all detailed criticism of his scheme of
arrangement and his general results. Meanwhile, we are
glad to see him make war on such barbarous forms as Philoxenes
(Philoxenus), Menandrus (Menander), Azas (Azes), and so
forth, forms which give an unscholarly air to some of our best
works on Baetrian numismatics. P. G.
A Guide to the select Greek, Roman, and other Coins exhibited
in Electrotype in Brighton College. By F. W. Madden.
This little book is quite on the model of Mr. Head's " Guide
to the Select Greek Coins " of the British Museum, from which,
indeed, it is very largely borrowed. Its object is praiseworthy :
namely, to make coins of use in classical education. The selec-
tion also is, on the whole, fairly representative. But the eye
NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 303
of the scholar would, perhaps, have been better trained, and
his memory not worse, if Mr. Madden had adopted a better
system of arrangement than one merely geographical ; if he had
begun with the earliest coins issued in Asia Minor, and so
gradually traced the art of coming through Greece and Italy
into the far West. Mr. Madden's system of spelling is also
unfortunate. Euros is a correct transliteration, and Cyrus
consecrated by usage ; but Gyros, as Mr. Madden writes it, is
absurd, the whole accent falling, when an Englishman reads it,
on the os, which the Greeks scarcely pronounced at all. There
can be little doubt that the French Patrocle and Ephese repre-
sent the Greek pronunciation better than Patroclos and Ephesos ;
but perhaps our Patroclus and Ephesus, where the final u quite
disappears, are best of all. P. G.
Monnaies d' argent frappees a Heraclea de Bithynie. Par H.
Ferdinand Bompois. Paris, 1878. Quelques monnaies anepi-
yraphes attributes indument a la ville de Maronea en Thrace. Par
H. Ferdinand Bompois. Paris, 1878.
These are two very carefully-reasoned papers, and possess,
like M. Bompois' other works, the advantage of good printing,
thick paper, and careful revision. The only drawback to M.
Bompois' elaborate papers is that, as the life of man is limited
to threescore years and ten, they claim rather too large a
share of it. The first of the two treatises we have mentioned
attempts to arrange the coins of Heraclea in chronological
sequence. It busies itself especially with the letter K, which
often occurs on them. M. Bompois holds this letter to stand
for the name of Cleafchus, tyrant of the city, and father of
Timotheus and Dionysius, whose Heraclean coins are well
known. In the second paper M. Bompois discusses the attri-
bution of the archaic coins which bear on the obverse the fore-
part of a galloping horse, on the reverse two incuse squares
with a flower in each. These pieces have been attributed by
Sestini to Clazomena3, by Allier de Hauteroche to Maronea, and
by Mionnet and Brandis to Cyme in Aeolis. M. Bompois
accepts this last attribution, and seeks to establish it by the aid
of a specimen in his own collection, on which he sees the
letters K Y. Unfortunately he does not, however, seem quite
certain as to the reading of these letters, and in his woodcut
they have a somewhat unsatisfactory appearance. In the coins
of the same type in the British Museum, there is something in
the field, but not K Y : all which does not prevent the attribu-
tion to Cyme from being at least as likely as any other.
P. G,
304 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
MISCELLANEA.
To the Editor of the "Numismatic Chronicle."
SIR, Referring to my Paper upon "English Tin Coins,"
published in the Numismatic Chronicle last year (N.S., vol.
xvii. p. 358), I have the pleasure of communicating to the Society
four additional coins, which have come into my possession
since writing the Paper in question.
The pieces may be briefly described as follows :
1. Halfpenny of William and Mary, similar to those previously
described, except as to date, which is 1691 on the exergue, and
1692 on the edge.
2. Halfpenny of the same reign, with date 1691 on edge and in
exergue. The peculiarity of this coin lies in the portraits,
which are totally unlike the current type, being of coarser
workmanship. I apprehend, however, that it is a genuine
coin.
3. Farthing, also of the same reign, of the date 1692, both on edge
and in exergue, but differing from No. 3 of my Paper in the
date, which has much smaller figures, and the presence of a
dot after the word BEITANNIA.
4. Pattern Halfpenny. Obv. busts to left. GVLIELMVS ET
MAEIA D G Rev. two hands coming from clouds at the
sides, and holding a sceptre crowned. IVNGIT AMOR
PATRLZEQ, SA.LVS This halfpenny occurs in silver, and,
far more rarely, in copper ; but I have never before seen it in
tin.
I am, Sir, yours faithfully,
RICHARD A. HOBLYN.
2, SUSSEX PLACE, REGENT'S PARK,
October nth, 1878.
BISHAM TREASURE-TROVE. The following is an analysis of a
hoard of 218 gold coins found at Bisham Abbey, Berkshire, the
property of George Vansittart, Esq.
Henry V. ; noble ; annulet to left of figure ; lis after fySRBICI ; trefoils
between words 1
Edward IV. ; rials ; trefoils between words 5
Do. rial ; mint-mark, sun 1
MISCELLANEA,
305
EEenry VII. ; angel ; mint-mark, pheon . . .
Do. half-angel ; mint-mark, pheon .
Elenry VIII. ; half-sovereigns
viz. :
1
1
134
MrNT-MABKB.
Var. 1. Obv. ^GCRRId' . 8 : D' . G 7VGL'
3
(Bris-
Uncert.
Total
FRARdieC Z tyEB'. RdX.
tol.)
Rev. IfyS . AVTS TRTYRSIGCRS . PdR
SttaD' : ILLOR' . IB7VT . . .
15
7
2
1
25
Var. 2. Obv. Same.
Rev. IRS ? AVTE' TRANSI' . PER
maD' . ILLOR' . IBAT . . .
1
1
Var. 3. Obv. Same.
Rev. As last ; but, MED .....
2
2
4
Var. 4. Obv. HdNRId 8 D . G . AGL .
FRANdl' . Z HIB' . REX.
3
3
Var. 5. Obv. Var. two d's only Gothic.
4
9
13
Var. 6. Obv. HERRId' . 8 . D' . G' . TOL
FRftNdl' . Z HIB' . REX.
Rev. IHS . AVTE' . TRARSId' . PdR
SftaD' . ILLOR' . IBAT . . .
1
1
Var. 7. Obv. Same as No. 6.
Rev Same as No 3 ....
2
2
Var. 8. Obv. HENRId' . 8 D' . G' . AGL' .
FRANdl' . Z . HIB . REX.
R eVt Same as No. 3.
1
3
4
53
Having young figure on obv. (Edward VI ?)
Var. 9. Obv. HENRIC . 8 . D . G . AGL . FRANC . Z . HIB . REX.
Rev. Same as No. 3. Mint-marks E, 13 ; GC, 1; martlet, 9 ;
lis, 3; pheon, 27; grapnel (?), 2; saltire, 9 ; uncertain,
6; none, 11. Total ............
81
lenry "VIII. ; crowns
viz. :
Var. 1. Obv. HENRIC' . 8 RVTILA . ROSA . SINE : SPI (varied).
Rev. DEI GRA AGL FRA Z HIB REX. Mint-marks
martlet, 1 ; pheon, 3 ; dagger, 3. Total .... 7
25
306 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Var. 2. Obv. t]ff RRId' 8 ROS7V SIR6C SPIR6C (sic) or SPIR.
Rev. DGCI : 6R7V : A6L : FRTVRd : Z : tylB : RGCX.
Mint-mark, O 3
Var. 3. Obv. Same legend ; var. quatrefoil after ROS7T ; trefoil
slipped after SPIN6C.
Rev. Similar; var. D . 6 TOGLIGC, &c. Mint-mark (rev.
only) Vf 4
Yar. 4. Obv. ^etRRICt : YII1 ROS7Y (quatrefoil) SIRC . SPINS
(quatrefoil).
Rev. D . 6 . TVRGLieC (quatrefoil) FEAR' . Z . tjIB .
R6CX . Mint-mark (rev. only) Vf 4
Var. 5. Obv. Same legend ; var. quatrefoil saltire-wise after VIII. ;
cinquefoil at end.
Rev. Same as No. 4 1
Var. 6. Obv. Same as No. 5.
Rev. Similar to No. 4 ; var. 7YR6L, cinquefoil at end . . 6
Edward VI. ; sovereign. Mint-mark, Y ; cinquefoil at end of obv. inscr. 1
Edward VI. ; half-sovereigns 28
viz. :
Type 1. Throned, in long robes. Mint-mark, E 1
Type 2. Crowned bust. Mint-marks Y, 4; pheon, 1; duck, 9;
grapnel, 1 15
TypeS. Bareheaded bust. Mint-marks Y, 4 ; pheon, 8 . . .12
Elizabeth ; half-sovereign. Mint-marks cross crosslet, 9 ; rose, 1 . . 10
Elizabeth ; half-crown. Mint-mark cross crosslet, 2 2
FOREIGN COINS.
Italy, Venice. Francesco Venerio (1554 1556) ; zecchino 1
Spain, Kingdom. Ferdinand and Isabella (Heiss, i. PI. 20, No. 65, &c.). 6
Spain, Barcelona. Joanna and Charles (V.) (1521) ; corona (Heiss, ii.
p. 92, No. 3) 1
Portugal. D.Manuel (14951521); Portoguez d'ouro of 10 crusados
(Fernandes, p. 113) 1
C. F. K.
INDEX.
A and CD o n coins, 31 et seq.
Abd-Hadad, coins of, 103
Ab<*arus, coin of, 215
Acarnania, coin of, 100
Mlia. Placidia, coins of, 43
^Etolia, coins of, 97
Alexander, Phoenician form of, 103,
129
Alexander, St., on coins, 189
Alexius I., coins of, 207, 212
Alexius II., coins of, 214
ANACTACIC, the legend, 192
Anastasius I., coins of, 159, 193
Andronicus, St., on coins, 190
Anne, medals of, 295
Antiochus I., coins of, 92
Arcadius, coins of, 46
Aripert, coin of, 254
Astaulf, coins of, 254
Atergatis, the Goddess, 103
Athalaric, coins of, 154
Athens, imitations of coins of, 273
Augustus, head of, on Himyarite
coins, 282
B.
Baduila, coins of, 159
Bambyce, coins of, 103
Barbarian imitations of Roman
coins, 49, 132
Basil I., coins of, 204
Beaufort Family, the, 287
Beneventum, Dukes of, 255
Bermuda, II pence, 166
Blachernfe, the Virgin of, 207
BOMPOIS, M. FEKDINAND, his papers
on coins of Heraclea and Maro-
nea noticed, 303
Burgundian coins, 67
Burton, Capt. Richard, his dis-
covery of coins in Midian, 283
C.
Caracalla, coin of, 120
Carystus, coin of, 97
Chalcis, coin of, 99
Charibert II., coins of, 242
Charles I., medals of, 291
Charles II., medal of, 294
Childebert, coin of, 237
Childebert II., coins of, 238
Childeric, coins of, 243
Chramnus, coin of, 237
Christ, bust of, on coins, 177
Clotaire, coins of, 239
Clovis II., coins of, 242
C. N., the mark, 144
Conslans, coins of, 24 et seq.
Constantino the Great, coins of, 15,
199 et seq.
Constantino II., coins of, 12, 14,
21
Constantino V., coins of, 202
Constantiiie X., coins of, 204
Constantino XII., coins of, 2)3
Constantine, St., on coins, 189
Constantius II., coins of, 12
Constantius Gallus, coins of, 35
Crispus, coins of, 1 1
Cross on coins, 23
Cunipert, coins of, 253
D.
Dagobert, coins of, 240
Decentius, coins of, 35
Demetrius, St., on coins, 190
Desiderius, coins of, 255
308
INDEX.
Diadem, the, 1
Douglas, Lady Margaret, presumed
medal of, 74
Dunfennline, Earl of, medal of, 79
E.
Edward VI., gold coins of, 306
Electryona, coin of, 271
Erskine, Sir Charles, medal of, 79
Euboea, wife of Antiochus III.,
portrait of, 99
Eudoxia, coins of, 45
Eugenius, St., on coins, 190, 214
EVANS, JOHN, D.C.L., LL.D.,
F.R.S. :-
The Portcullis Groat of Henry
VII., 285
F.
Fausta, coins of, 13
Finds of Coins :
Bisham, 305
San'a, 278
G.
GARDNER, PERCY, ESQ., M.A. :
Macedonian and Greek Coins
of the Seleucidse, 90
Numismatic reattributions Pha-
nes, Lamia, Electryona, 261
Gelimir, coins of, 139
George, St., on coins, 189, 214
Gontran, St., coin of (?), 237
Grimoald III. and IV., coins of,
256
H.
Hamilton, Isabella, medal of, 75
HEAD, BARCLAY V., ESQ. :
On an unpublished archaic tetra-
drachm of Olynthus, 85
On Himyarite and other Arabian
Imitations of Coins of Athens,
273
Henry VII., the Portcullis Groat
of, 285
Henry VIII., gold coins of, 305
Heraclius, coins of, 202
Hierapolis in Syria, coins of, 103
Hilderic, coins of, 139
HOBLYN, RICHARD A., ESQ. :
Note on tin coins of William and
Mary, 304
Hog Money, Bermuda 2d, 166
Honorius, coins of, 43, 140
I.
1C XC on coins, 179
J.
James II., medal of, 295
John I., Zimisces, coin of, 203, 213
John II., Comnenus, 214
John, St., on coins, 190
Jovian, coins of, 41
Julia, Mamaoa, coin of, 119
Julian, coins of, 35
Justin I., coins of, 153
Justin II., coins of, 143
Justinian I., coins of, 154, 201
Justinian II., coins of, 203, 256
K.
Karthago, the inscription, 142
KEARY, C. F., ESQ., M.A. :
The Coinages of Western Europe
from the Fall of the Empire to
the Accession of Charlemagne,
49, 132, 216
Lamia, coin of, 266
LEFROY, GEN. SIR J. H., F.R.S. :
On a new piece of Bermuda Hog
Money, of the value of two-
pence, 166
Lenormant, F., La Monnaie dans
I'antiquite, noticed, 84
Leo I., coins of, 48
Leo IV., coins of, 202
Leo VI., coin of, 207
Leovigild, coins of, 233
Lombard coins, 251
Loudon, Earl of, medal of, 78
Luitprand, coins of, 254
M.
Macedonian Coins of the Seleucidae,
90
MADDEN, F. W., ESQ. :
Christian Emblems on the Coins
of Constantine I. and his Suc-
cessors, 1, 169
His Guide to Coins in Brighton
College noticed, 303
Magnentius, coins of, 36
Mahomet II., coins of, 196
Manuel I., coin of, 206
Matasunda, coins of, 158
1NDKX.
309
Mauriciu?, Tiberius, coins of, 230
Maxentius, coin of, 198, 215
Melanges de Numismatiquo noticed,
83
Merovingian Coins, 67, 216
Michael, St., on coins, 189, 253, 257
Michael VII., coin of, 206
Michael VIIL, coin of, 210
Midian, coins from, 283
N.
Nopotian, coins of, 35
Nicephorus II., coins of, 213
Nimbus, the, on coins, 9, 178
M utnismatische Zeitschrift, noticed,
S3
O.
Olyuthus, Aichaic tetradrachm of,
5
Ostrogotbic coins, 132, 149
P.
PATRICK, R. W. COCHRAN, F.S.A.
SCOT. :
Notes towards a Metallic His-
tory of Scotland, No. 2, 73 ;
No. 3, 291
Thanes, coin of, 262
Phoenician Legends, 103 et seq.
Portcullis, the, on coins, 286
R.
PKE, the mark, 144
Radelchis, coins of, 2oS
Ravenna, coins of, 156, 162
Rhodes, coins of, 271
Roma, Invicta, coins of, 162
Romanua II., coins of, 204
Romanus IV., c.jins of, 212
S.
Sabaean coins, 273
Si'.llet, Dr. von, his work on Bactrian
coins noticed, 302
Schevez, Archbp., medal of, 74
Schlumberger's Numismatiquc de
1' Orient Latin noticed, 259
Scottish Medals, 73, 291
Seleucidffi, Macedonian and Greek
coins of, 90
2HMA, the word, 263
Seraph on coins, 191
Se'on, Lord, medal of, 75
Severus, Alexander, coin of, 119
Sicaredus, coins of, 258
Sigebert I., coin of, 237
Sigebert II., coin of, 242
Sigo, coins of, 257
Six, MONS. J. P., Monnaies d'Hiera-
polis en Syrie, 183
Suevian coins, 67
Swynford, Dame Katherine, 287
Theia, coins of, 161
Theodahatus, coins of, 156
Tli eod ebert I., coin of, 235
Theodebert II., coin of, 240
Theodora, coin of, 204
Theodore, St., on coin, 190
Theodoric I., coins of, 152
Theodoric I L, coin of, 240
Theodoric III., coin of, 244
Theodosius L, coins of, 42
Thrasamund, coins of, 138
Tiberius, Constantine, coin of, 201
Trajan, coins of, 121
Traquair, Earl of, medal of, 77
U.
Uranopolis, coin of, 90
V.
Valentinian I. to III., coins of, 41
et s q
Vandalic coins, 67, 137
Vetranio, coins of, 35
Virgin Mary on coins, 183, 207
Vi.sigotbic coins, 67, 246
W.
William and Mary, tin coins of,
301
Witiges, coins of, 158
XLU, the mark, 145
XXXX, the mark, 145
Z.
Zeitschrift fur Numistnatik no-
ticed, 90
THE END.
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COI.N OF LAMIA.
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